Private Pilot Exam - ASA Chapter 4: Regulations

FAR

Acronym for "Federal Aviation Regulations" or "Federal Acquisition Regulations."

14 CFR Part 1

Contains definitions and abbreviations of many terms commonly used in Aviation. One example would be the definition/term would be what is night?: answer the time between the end of evening civil twilight no the beginning of morning civil twilight.

14 CFR Part 61

Is entitled "Certification: Pilots, Flight instructors and Ground instructors," which prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot and flight instructor certificates and ratings.

14 CFR Part 91

Is entitled " General Operating and Flight Rules," which describes rules governing the operation of aircraft (with certain exceptions - like Alaska) in the United States

One example of this is the regulation that is that the PIC of an aircraft is directly responsible and is the final authority for the safety and operation of the aircraft

NTSB Part 830

Are the rules that were established by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concerning the reporting of aircraft accidents and incidents

Student Pilot Privileges and Limitations

The holder of. Student pilot certificate is limited to solo flights or flights with an instructor

Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations

A private pilot has unlimited solo privileges and may carry passengers or cargo s long as the flying is for the pilots' pleasure or personal business and is not done for hire. A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rate share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees

Aircraft Category

Is the board classification of aircraft, such as an airplane, or a rotorcraft, or a glider, etc.

Aircraft Class

Is the classification within an aircraft category, such as single engine, land, water, helicopter, and balloon

Aircraft Type

Is the specific model or classification of an aircraft within a class such as a Cessna 172

Third-Class Medical Certificate

Is the medical certificate required for all student, and private pilots which expires:

- at the end of the 60th month after the date of the examination assuming the examinee has not reached their 40th birthday

-at the end of 24th month of the date of the examination shown on the certificate if the person has reached his or her 40th birthday on or before the date of the examination

Second-Class Medical Certificate

May exercise commercial privileges during the first 12 calendar months that their certificate has been given, but the certificate is valid for private pilot privileges for 12 or 48 calendar months depending on if they are younger or older than forty

First-Class Medical Certificate

May exercise ATP privileges during the first 6 or 12 calendar months depending on their age (younger than 40 first 12, older than 40 first 6) then if they are younger than 40 they may exercise commercial pilot privileges for 6 more months followed by private pilot privileges for the following 12 or 48 calendar months

Flight Review

Is a biannual (every 24 month) check examining if a pilot is fit to be pilot in command, which is administered by the FAA or flight instructor

High-Performance Airplane

Is an airplane that has over 200 horsepower, and a private or commercial pilot may not be allowed to act as pilot-in-command of such an aircraft unless they have been given prior instruction and authorization by a flight instruction noting that they are competent.

90 Days after conviction

The number of days that one must report a OUI or driving under the influence of drugs to the FAA following the conviction

Right-of-Way Rules

Assuming that the aircraft are of different categories, the following applies:

1. A balloon has the right-of-way over any other category of aircraft

2. A glider has the right-of-way over an airship, airplane, rotorcraft, weight-shift control, or powered parachute

3. An airship has the right-of-way over an airplane, rotorcraft, weight-shift control or powered parachute

Aerobatic flight rules

Aerobatic flight is prohibited:

1. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement

2. Over an open air assembly of people

3. Within the lateral boundaries of Class B, C, D or E airspace designated for an airport

4. Within 4 nautical miles of the centerline of a federal airway

5. Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface

6. When flight visibility is less than 3 statue miles

180 days

The number of days that a chair type parachute must have been packed by a certificates and appropriately-rated parachute rigger

ATC clearance

Provides authorization to proceed under specified traffic conditions in controlled airspace

Rules pertaining to Minimum safe altitudes anywhere

The pilot must maintain an altitude which, in the event of an engine failure, will allow an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface

Rules pertaining to minimum safe altitudes over congested areas

An altitude of at least 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft must be maintained over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement or over any open-air assembly of people

Rules pertaining to minimum safe altitudes over other than congested areas

An altitude of 500 feet above the surface must be maintained except over open water or sparsely populated areas (like northern Maine). In that case the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle or structure.

Visibility of 3 miles

Minimum visibility requirement for a pilot to enter a traffic pattern, land or take off under VFR flight rules

Class A VFR weathers minimums

VFR minimums:

Flight Visibility - Not Applicable

Distance from the Clouds - Not applicable

Class B VFR weather minimums

VFR minimums:

Flight visibility - 3 statute miles

Distance from Clouds - Clear of Clouds

Class C VFR weather minimums

VFR minimums:

Flight visibility - 3 statute miles

Distance from clouds - 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal

Class E VFR weather minimums (less than 10,000 feet MSL)

VFR minimums:

Flight visibility - 3 statute miles

Distance from clouds - 500 feet below 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal

Class E VFR minimums (at or above 10,000 feet MSL)

VFR minimums:

Flight visibility - 5 statute miles

Distance from clouds - 1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 1 statute mile horizontal

Class G VFR minimums

VFR minimums ( 1,200 feet or less above the surface - regardless of MSL altitude - Day, except as provided in § 91.155 (b))

Flight visibility - 1 statute mile

Distance from clouds - Clear of clouds

VFR minimums ( 1,200 feet or less above the surface - regardless of MSL altitude - Night, except as provide in § 91.155 (b))

Flight visibility - 3 statue miles

Distance from the clouds - 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal

VFR minimums (More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL for DAY)

Flight visibility - 1 statute mile

Distance from the clouds - 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal

VFR minimums (More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL for NIGHT)

Flight visibility - 3 statue miles

Distance from the clouds - 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal

VFR minimums (More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL)

Flight visibility - 5 statue miles

Distance from the clouds - 1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 1 statue mile horizontal

Special VFR weather minimums

Is a VFR clearance given by the ATC that allows for a pilot to operate their airplane below VFR minimums, such as if it is overcast at the airport, but not beyond its boundaries. A pilot must have an IFR certificate and they must be flying an IFR equipped aircraft

VFR crushing altitudes

Are the altitudes that pilots fly at where:

- if you are on a course between 0º to 179º - you fly on the odd thousands plus 500 feet i.e. 3,500 feet MSL

- if you are on a course between 180º to 359º - you fly on the even thousands plus 500 feet i.e. 4,500

VFR flight plans

Is not mandatory, but is considered good operating practice, as it allows for the FAA to track and be sure that your plan is on track - once landed you cancel it by contacting their nearest flight service station (FSS) or FAA facility

AROW

Airworthiness, Registration, Operating Limitations, Weight and balance - The four things that must be on an aircraft for it to be legal to fly

Speed Limits in flight

At or above 10,000 feet MSL - No speed limit

Below 10,000 feet MSL - 250 kts

Within class B airspace - 250 kts

Within a VFR corridor - 200 kts

Below class B airspace 200 kts, like in class C airspace such as Portland

Within class C or D airspace 200 kts

Below 2,500 and within 4 NM of a primary class C or D airspace area no one shall go more than 200 kts

Preventative maintenance

Is limited to tasks such as replacing defective safety wire, servicing landing gear wheel bearings, replacing safety belts, and other tasks listed in 14 CFR Part 43 Appendix A

Annual inspection

Is an inspection that must be preformed each year to allow the airplane to fly

100-hour inspection

Is an inspection for commercial aircraft that must be preformed every 100 hours

Maintenance rating

Allows repairmen to do maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations to E-LSA no S-LSA

Inspection rating

Allows E-LSA repairmen/owners the ability to preform an anal inspection on their own aircraft

Airworthiness Directives (ADs)

Identify unsafe aircraft conditions and prescribe regulatory actions (such as inspections or modifications) or limitations under which the affected aircraft my continue to be operated and are MANDATORY

Advisory Circulars

Are issued by the FAA to inform the aviation community in a systematic way of non-regulatory material of interest. In many cases, they are the result of a need to fully explain a particular subject, such as wake turbulence.

Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)

Provide the most current available information available. They provide time ritual information on airports and changes that affect the national airspace system and are of the concern to instrument flight rule (IFR) operations. These are also used to protect persons, property, designate and imminent hazard, provide a safe environment for the operation of disaster relief aircraft, prevent an unsafe congestion of sightseeing aircraft above an incident or event, and to protect the President, and Vice President along with other important public figures

Four NOTAM categories

NOTAM (D) or Distant NOTAMs

FDC NOTAMS or Flight Data Center NOTAMs

Pointer NOTAMs

Military NOTAMs

NOTAM-Ds

Are attached to hourly weather reports and are avaliabe at flight service stations (AFSS/FSS) and is contained in the Notices to Airmen publication, which is issued every 28 days

FDC NOTAMs

Are issued by the National Flight Data Center and continue regulatory information such as temporary flight restrictions or an amendment to instrument approach procedures. And is contained in the Notices to Airmen publication, which is issued every 28 days. This will also be issued to designate. Temporary flight restriction (TFR) and will begin with the phrase "FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS," followed by the location o ft he temporary restriction

Pointer NOTAMs

Highlight or point out another NOTAM, such as an FDC or NOTAM (D). This type of NOTAM will assist pilots in cross-referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or NAVAID identifier

Military NOTAMs

Pertain to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy NAVAIDs/airports that are part of the NAS

An accident

Is an occurrence in which any person suffers death or a serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.

Serious injury

1) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date the injury was received

2) Results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or the nose.

3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage

4) involves any internal organ

5) involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5% of the body surface

Substantial damage

Damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft and which would require major repair or replacement of the affected component

Engine failure, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small puncture holes in the skin or fabric, ground damage to root or propeller blades, no damage to landing gear, wheels, tires flaps, engine accessories, brakes or wing tips does not count

Incident

Is any occurrence that is not an accident

Immediate notification of the NTSB

Is repaired when an aircraft occurs any of a specified list of incident such as:

1) inability of a crew member to preform his/her duties dye to an illness or injury

2) inflight fire

3) an aircraft is overdue and believed to have been involved n an accident

4) flight control malfunction or failure

5) When aircraft collide n flight or damage is more that $25,000 occurs to property other than the aircraft

Special VFR weather minimums

Is a VFR clearance given by the ATC that allows for a pilot to operate their airplane below VFR minimums, such as if it is overcast at the airport, but not beyond its boundaries. A pilot must have an IFR certificate and they must be flying an IFR equipped aircraft

VFR crushing altitudes

Are the altitudes that pilots fly at where:

- if you are on a course between 0º to 179º - you fly on the odd thousands plus 500 feet i.e. 3,500 feet MSL

- if you are on a course between 180º to 359º - you fly on the even thousands plus 500 feet i.e. 4,500

VFR flight plans

Is not mandatory, but is considered good operating practice, as it allows for the FAA to track and be sure that your plan is on track - once landed you cancel it by contacting their nearest flight service station (FSS) or FAA facility

AROW

Airworthiness, Registration, Operating Limitations, Weight and balance - The four things that must be on an aircraft for it to be legal to fly

Speed Limits in flight

At or above 10,000 feet MSL - No speed limit

Below 10,000 feet MSL - 250 kts

Within class B airspace - 250 kts

Within a VFR corridor - 200 kts

Below class B airspace 200 kts, like in class C airspace such as Portland

Within class C or D airspace 200 kts

Below 2,500 and within 4 NM of a primary class C or D airspace area no one shall go more than 200 kts