DISTILLATION: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

Distillation

_is a separation technique that exploits differences in boiling points to separate components from a liquid mixture.

boiling points

Distillation is a separation technique that exploits differences in _ to separate components from a liquid mixture.

components

Distillation is a separation technique that exploits differences in boiling points to separate _ from a liquid mixture.

liquid mixture

Distillation is a separation technique that exploits differences in boiling points to separate components from a _.

Thermometer

Distillation adapter

fractionating column

distillation flask

holding stand

mixture

water outlet

condenser

water inlet

adapter

receiver flask

distillate

Vaporization (Evaporation)

Condensation

distillation processes (2)

Vaporization (Evaporation)

Liquid is heated to its boiling point, transforming into vapor. The more volatile component vaporizes first.

Condensation

Vapor is cooled, returning to the liquid state (distillate). The distillate is enriched in the more volatile component.

Beers, whiskies, vodka, and gin 

GRAIN-BASED ALCOHOLIC

BEVERAGES (4)

fermented grains

Beers, whiskies, vodka, and gin are made from _ with varying alcohol content.

Wines, ciders, and brandies

FRUIT-BASED ALCOHOLIC

BEVERAGES (3)

fermented fruits

Wines, ciders, and brandies are made from _, each with a distinct alcohol content.

Rum, tequila, and sake

OTHER ALCOHOLIC

BEVERAGES (3)

unique sources

Rum, tequila, and sake are derived from _ like sugarcane, agave, and rice.

sugarcane, agave, and rice

Rum, tequila, and sake are derived from unique sources like _ 3

simple distillation

fractional distillation

Raoult's Law

Vapor pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction. Adding a non-volatile solute decreases vapor pressure.

Raoult's Law

P, = XI x P°, where P, is the partial vapor pressure of component I, xi is its mole fraction, and P° is its vapor pressure as a pure substance

P,

is the partial vapor pressure of component I

mole fraction

xi is its

vapor pressure as a pure substance

P° is its

Dalton's Law

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of its partial pressures. Applied to vapor above liquid in distillation.

Dalton's Law

P(total) = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..., where P1, P2,

and P3 are the partial pressures of the gases.

Percentage of Ethanol = (Volume of

Ethanol Collected / Initial Volume of

Ethanol Mixture) x 100%

ETHANOL PERCENTAGE

CALCULATTON

Percentage Loss = (Initial Volume -

Volume Collected / Initial Volume) x

100%

PERCENTAGE LOSS

CALCULATTON

Purifying water, separating salt from water, initial purification steps in chemical processes.

APPLICATIONS OF

SIMPLE DISTILLATION (3)

APPLICATIONS OF

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

Purifying water, separating salt from water, initial purification steps in chemical processes.

APPLICATIONS OF

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

Refining crude oil, separating ethanol from fermentation mixtures, separating close-boiling point liquids in industry.

Refining crude oil, separating ethanol from fermentation mixtures, separating close-boiling point liquids in industry.

APPLICATIONS OF

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION (3)

Distillation

_ separates mixtures based on

boiling points through vaporization and condensation.

Simple distillation

_ is basic

 fractional distillation

_ is more efficient for close boiling points.

Raoult's and Dalton's laws

Understanding principles like _ is crucial for effective separation.

Raoult’s Law

Orange and apple juice

20% o mixed to a - partial taste (a overpowers)

50% - equal taste

75% - o overpowers

Dalton’s Law

different procedures to produce pressure or air. sumation of all the pressures within the distillation

azeotropes

liquids or mixtures at a constant boiling point; acts like a pure substance; ex: vodka/alcohol

positive

weak imf; weak boiling pt

negative

stronger imf; higher output of temp to break it down

condensation

gas to liquid

boiling stones

prevent large bubbles; small and consistent bubbing

stone to liquid (no heat)

boiling stone application procedure

30mL

vodka mL used in exp

percentage loss

formula to use to find yung hindi nagamit