Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents and Academic Challenges

Vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, theories, and concepts related to youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, self-care theory pillars, and academic stress.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

A chronic metabolic disease in which the body does not use insulin properly, resulting in high blood sugar or hypoglycemia.

Awakening Epidemic

A term used by Perng et al. (2023) to describe how a condition once considered exclusive to older adults is now increasingly diagnosed in younger populations.

Updated Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness

A framework posited by Riegel, Jaarsma, & Strömberg (2026) stating that self-care is a dynamic, behavioral process consisting of three core pillars: Self-care Maintenance, Self-care Monitoring, and Self-care Management.

Self-care Maintenance

The first pillar of the Updated Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness, which emphasizes the coping mechanisms utilized to preserve well-being and maintain stability.

Self-care Monitoring

The second pillar of the Updated Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness, defined as the process of carefully ensuring proper surveillance and self-awareness of the body.

Self-care Management

The third pillar of the Updated Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness, which focuses on active responses to symptoms as they appear.

HbA1c

A clinical measurement of average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months.

Coping Strategies

Cognitive and behavioral methods individuals use to reduce and manage stress and difficult situations.

Problem-focused Coping

A type of coping strategy that involves active problem-solving, planning, and seeking support to help individuals manage diabetes distress and achieve better glycemic outcomes.

Stigma

The sense of judgment or stereotyping associated with an illness at school, at work, or in personal relationships.

Academic Demand and Stressors

Pressures experienced by students while meeting educational responsibilities, such as keeping up with lessons, completing academic requirements, maintaining participation, and managing school expectations.