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nebula

the gasses and matter left behind by a supernova that will eventually become a new galaxy

helium

the second atom to form after the Big Bang; contains two protons, neutrons and electrons

the singularity

all of the matter and energy of the universe contained within an infinitely dense point

inflation

a rapid expansion of the universe to the size of a grapefruit or football

gluons

 hold quarks together to form subatomic particles

hydrogen

the first atom to form after the Big Bang; contains one proton and electron

galaxies

huge collections of gas, particles and stars held together by gravity and dark matter

supernova

the explosion or death of a star resulting in a black hole or a neutron star

dark energy

a repulsive force that drives the universe's expansion

quarks

building blocks of protons, neutrons and electrons

Mercury

 Which of the following is not one of the gas giants?

List one factor that contributed to the formation of the rocky planets.

gravity, collisions

Protists reproduce using asexual reproduction.

true

_____ are organelles responsible for building proteins.

ribosomes

Which four cellular structures do all living organisms have in common?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

Which organelle is required for cellular respiration?

mitochondria

_____ are the remnants of supernovas that will eventually form new galaxies.

nebulas

Which of the following is not an inner rocky planet within the Milky Way?

Neptune

Which of the following structures are not found within bacteria?

nucleus

____ were the first unicellular eukaryotes to evolve.

protists

Which structure looks like a tail and is used to propel certain bacteria?

flagella

Which organisms evolved photosynthesis first?

cyanobacteria

 The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following  took advantage of the presence of oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?

the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

 properties of living things involve the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. For example, plant chloroplasts convert energy from sunlight to which of the following forms of energy or matter?

chemical energy

 How was early Earth (more than 3 bya) different from today's Earth?*

Early Earth had an anaerobic atmosphere rich in gases from volcanic eruptions.

 Which of the following did NOT occur during the evolution of the genus Homo?

teeth got sharper and larger

 When did multicellular organisms evolve?*

900 mya

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow larger?

vascular tissue

____ are organisms that are bipedal and always walk with two feet.

hominins

When did eukaryotic organisms evolve?

2.1 bya

The _____ was an infinitely dense/hot cluster of all the matter and energy in the universe.

singularity

Which of the following terms describes membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions?

organelles

Which of the following groups contains members most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

amphibians

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they __________.

lack true leaves and roots

Who did modern humans and Neanderthals evolve from?

Homo heidelbergensis

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the __________ explosion.

Cambrian

Which of the following is likely the greatest impact that organisms have ever had on Earth?

Early cyanobacteria released oxygen to Earth's atmosphere during photosynthesis.

Which of the following traits is not used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

opposable thumbs

Mammals are _____ because they can regulate their own body temperature.

endothermic

Who were the hunter gatherers that were taller, but not fully upright?

Homo ergaster

According to scientists' hypotheses, prokaryotes most likely evolved prior to eukaryotes because

prokaryotes are the simplest organisms on the planet.

Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is correct?

Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched tree of hominin species.

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the  evolution of life on Earth?

1. origin of mitochondria 

2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 

3. origin of chloroplasts 

4. origin of cyanobacteria 

4, 3, 1, 2

_____ carries glucose throughout vascular plants.

phloem

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? 

photosynthesis

Which of the following steps of the Big Bang happens fifth?

stars

Which of the following is not an accurate statement regarding human evolution?

Once bipedality, tool use, and larger brains evolved in humans, humans stopped evolving.

The _____ is the region in bacteria where the DNA is located.

nucleoid

Which of the following characteristics are expected in the first animals to have colonized  land?

I) They were probably herbivores (ate photosynthesizers).

II) Animals had two appendages.

III) Animals had the ability to resist dehydration.

IV) Invertebrates

V) They were still reliant on being close to water.

I, III and V

____ build proteins and are required for every living organism.

ribosomes

Genetic variation ________.

is increased in a population due to sexual reproduction.

Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.

o2 and glucose turns into co2, h2o, and energy

The purpose of vascular tissue allowed plants to

absorb nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

 Challenges for survival of the first land plants include

I. sources of water.
II. sperm transfer.
III. desiccation.
IV. animal predation.
V. lack of roots.

I, II, III and V

Who was short with long arms, body hair and the inability to use tools?

Australopithicus

In addition to providing a layer of protection in reptiles, scales and eggs also prevented these organisms from drying out or ____.

desication

____were the very first eukaryotic organisms.

protists

When did amphibians evolve?

375 mya

Cellular respiration is common to all organisms.

false

Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

The use of cell membrane

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

Homo sapiens evolved 2.5 mya.

false

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

Natural selection is a theory that states the environment will force selection of the best

genetic traits

In the context of natural selection, the concept of "fitness" is best described as

the organism's ability to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring

Island species are usually more adapted than those on the mainland.

true

Which of the following is one of Darwin's observations he made while on the HMS Beagle?

living species resemble another species from nearby regions

Which of the following is not a principle that Darwin identified as a part of natural selection?

replication

Which of the following is not a plausible example of convergent evolution?

the evolution of placental birth in large cats and horses

Horseshoe crabs have remained largely unchanged since they evolved over 450 million years ago.  What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

the horseshoe crab's environment hasn't changed much in 450 million years

A farmer has bred his pineapple plants from the sweetest pineapples from his last harvest to get even sweeter pineapple plants. What is this an example of?

artificial selection

What is the correct relationship between adaptation, natural selection and evolution?

adaptation leads to natural selection which leads to evolution

What type of selection is most likely responsible for the large antlers seen on male elks?

intrasexual selection

In a population of sea turtles, all of the following could be examples of natural selection except

large males have more wounds from fights than small males

A species of cow bred for meat and milk (Bos primigenius) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates (hooved animals). These traits most likely arose by ________.

artificial selection, because of human selection for high milk and muscle content

In general, which is true regarding the number of offspring born per pregnancy?

More offspring are produced than survive due to limited resources

Mutations acquired through one's lifetime are passed onto the next generation.

false

The Black Summer fires occurred in 2000 on Kangaroo Island in South Australia.  it is estimated that over 80% of the Koala population died in the fire.  This will most likely result in ____.

bottleneck effect

Which of the following increases genetic diversity in a population?

sexual reproduction

Which of the following is an example of a documented beneficial mutation in humans?

The ability of some individuals to digest lactose into adulthood.

____ uses two sources of genetic information and recombines them to make a genetically unique organism.

sexual reproduction

Which of the following is an example of gene flow in nature?

The migration of monarch butterflies from North America to Central America, leading to a change in wing coloration over generations.

An ____ is a version of a gene.

allele

Genetic variation within a population is primarily driven by environmental factors.

false

Which cause of genetic variation reliably increases the frequency of beneficial alleles?

natural selection

Chance events in small populations leads to _____ which causes unpredictable changes in allele frequencies.

genetic drift

_____ occurs in plants when they have more than two full sets of DNA.

polyploidy

If a diploid cell contains 10 chromosomes, then an octaploid cell would contain how many chromosomes?

40

_____ is the movement of individuals out of a population.

emigration

Human fertilization relies on the release of _____ from the egg which relay chemical messages to sperm.

chemoattractant

The maggot fly is an example of how introduction of a new ____ can result in speciation.

niche

____ studies the changing allele frequencies of populations over time.  (Be specific as answer with your terminology)

microevolution

Juncos are birds that normally live in mountainous forests and have white outer tail feathers. Males with whiter (40-45%) tails are more likely to attract females and win aggressive interactions.

A group of juncos became established on the UCSD campus in 1983. However, their tails averaged only 36% white.  This difference is most likely due to ________. 

the founder effect

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A  new species, C, arises as a polyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C  would probably be ________. 

28

Mutations are usually rare.

true

Long periods of environmental stability increase speciation.

false

Allopatric speciation enhances gene flow.

false

Mutations which duplicate DNA are usually less harmful.

true

How would strengthening reproductive barriers in a hybrid zone affect the group of hybrids?

it would cause the number of hybrids to decrease over time

Many songbirds breed in the summer, and then migrate South in the fall. Here they enjoy warmer weather, feed and prepare for the spring migration north.

Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, spend winter together (in mixed flocks) in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the northeast, and species B goes to the northwest. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?

They don't interbreed because they are isolated by their habitats during mating season.