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Civil Society
Refers to the space between the state and the individual, where citizens come together to form groups and organizations to pursue common interests and goals.
Civil Society is made up of…and plays a crucial role in…
It is made up of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, religious organizations, labor unions, and other voluntary associations.
It plays a crucial role in promoting democracy, human rights, and social justice by providing a platform for citizens to voice their concerns and hold governments accountable.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) also provide…
Civil society organizations (CSOs) also provide essential services such as healthcare, education, and disaster relief, often in areas where the state is unable to provide adequate support.
What can a CSO also act as?
CSOs can also act as a bridge between the state and the people, facilitating dialogue and cooperation between the two.
CSO Challenges?
However, civil society is not without its challenges. CSOs may face restrictions on their activities and funding, and there may be tensions between different groups within civil society.
What are Civil Society Organizations?
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are non-governmental, non-profit organizations that operate independently from the government and the private sector.
They are formed by individuals who share common interests and goals, and work towards promoting social, economic, and political change.
Functions of CSOs
Advocacy and Lobbying, Service Delivery, Capacity Building, and Monitoring and Evaluation
Advocacy and Lobbying
CSOs work towards influencing public policy and decision-making processes by advocating for the rights and interests of their members.
Service Delivery
CSOs provide services to the community, such as healthcare, education, and social welfare.
Capacity Building
CSOs work towards building the capacity of individuals and communities to participate in decision-making processes and to promote social and economic development.
Monitoring and Evaluation
CSOs monitor and evaluate the implementation of policies and programs to ensure that they are effective and efficient.
Types of CSOs
Advocacy Groups, Community-Based Organizations, Professional Associations, and Faith-Based Organizations
Advocacy Groups
These organizations work towards influencing public policy and decision-making processes.
Community-Based Organizations
These organizations work at the grassroots level to address local issues and improve the quality of life of the community.
Professional Associations
These organizations represent professionals in a particular field and work towards promoting their interests.
Faith-Based Organizations
These organizations are formed around a particular religious belief and work towards promoting social and economic development.
Examples of Civil Society in the UK (Full/Advanced Democracy)
Church of England (Religious Organization) National Union of Teachers (Professional Association/Union) Bullying UK (NGO)BBC (Media)
Development of Civil Societys in the UK
Well Established: Interest groups, religious organizations, NGOs, professional associations. Very active in UK society and influential on policy making
Supports of Civil Society in the UK
Government supports civil society and protects civil society in the UK. Civil Society is an ingrained part of the culture in the UK as well as most advanced democracies like the US)
Examples of Civil Society in Russia (Authoritarian Regime)
Russian Orthodox Church (Religious Organization) Nashi- Youth Organization labeled as a government organized, (NGO)
Development of Civil Societies in Russia
Underdeveloped: Most Russians don’t belong to sports clubs, literary or cultural groups, charitable organizations, or attend church.EmergingSince the end of the Soviet Union in 1991 more civil society organizations have developed
Support/Limitations of Civil Society in Russia
Highly limited by the government, especially under Putin. The government does not often directly attack, however the government does investigate sources of income, civil society groups must register with the government and this process is made extremely difficult, police harassment, laws that restrict foreign investments, and an expansion of treason laws to include assisting foreign organizations (remember civil society can include international organizations)
Examples of Civil Society in China (Authoritarian Regime)
Red Cross of China (NGO) focused on disaster relief Jane Goodall Charities China (NGO) focus on helping gorillasHabitat for Humanity China (NGO) focus on housing for the poor
Development of Civil Societies in China
Underdeveloped: Prior to economic opening of the country in the 1970s and 1980s and the Constitution of 1982 little evidence of civil society.EmergingSince the opening of the economy to foreign investors and loosening of control by the party there has been a development of private organizations focused on charity initiatives like AIDS, the environment, and legal reform. NGOs have also developed since the 1990s.
Support/Limitations of Civil Society in China
The government controls media, internet, etc. which is one limitation on NGOs. The government keeps close control of the groups. However, religious groups in particular are closely controled, an example would be the 1999-2001 crackdown on the religious movement Falon Gong, a religious group.
Examples of Civil Society in Iran (Authoritarian Regime)
Charity Foundation for Special Diseases (NGO) Iranian Society of Environmentalists (NGO) focused on environmental issuesInstitute for Interreligious Dialogue (Religious Organization)
Development of Civil Societies in Iran
Extremely Limited: Under the rule of the Shahs there was little to no civil society. Under President Khataml there was what was known as the Tehran spring or a period of increased political liberalization. Under President Ahmadinejad this policy was reversed as newspapers were closed, banned, and censored and less toleration of protests, etc.
Support/Limitations of Civil Society in Iran
Although in the early 2000s there were 1000s of NGOs listed in Iranian records the government has limited public gatherings, free speech, free media, arrests of those who speak out against the government. However, young people are keeping civil society alive. Iran has a very large youth population and this group is very attracted to Western popular culture-music, dress, cars, etc. although the current regime is less tolerant of this attraction to Western popular culture it keeps the idea of civil society alive.
Examples of Civil Society in Mexico (Flawed Democracy/Transitioning from Authoritarian Regime)
NGOs are numerous in Mexico and continue to grow and expand since 2000. Examples of NGOs Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez Centre for Human Rights Human Rights Centre "Fray Bartolomé de las Casas"
Development of Civil Societies in Mexico
Developed: Despite one party domination for almost 70 years of Mexico’s history, Mexico has always had a lively and engaged Civil Society.
Supports/ Limitations of Civil Societies in Mexico
Prior to 2000 PRI divided interest groups into 3 groups: labor, peasants, and middle class and each were dominated by PRI-controlled groups so in other words there were government limitations. However, after 2000 when PAN won the Presidential election and ended PRIs domination, interest groups and NGOs began to expand their power. Most of the NGOs in Mexico are focused on human rights as violence, drug cartels, and failure on the part of the government to protect rights and liberties.
Examples of Civil Society in Nigeria (Flawed Democracy/Transitioning from Authoritarian Regime)
MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) this interest group has worked to apply national laws to secure financial benefits for the Ogoni in the Niger Delta, as well as to hold foreign-operated oil companies to environmental standards Action Aid (NGO) focused on helping the unemployed
Development of Civil Societies in Nigeria
Underdeveloped: Little development in colonial history. Emerging: Postcolonial history, many formal interest groups and informal voluntary associations actively seeking to influence politics.
Support/Limitations of Civil Society in Nigeria
Has at times been limited by the authoritarian nature of Nigeria’s history as a colonial holding and its history under military rule. Since 1999s Constitution there has been a more robust civil society emerging. However, since 2017 the Nigerian government has been working on an NGO bill that would regulate NGOs and limit civil society. Civil Society also faces limitations that are non-government accusations of mistrust of the public because of belief that many NGOs are corrupt
Limitations of Civil Society
Limited Representation, Lack of Resources, Political Interference, Fragmentation, and Limited Impact
Limited Representation
Civil society organizations may not represent the views and interests of all members of society. They may be dominated by certain groups or individuals, and may not be inclusive of marginalized communities.
Lack of Resources
Civil society organizations may lack the resources and funding needed to effectively carry out their activities and initiatives. This can limit their impact and reach.
Political Interference
Civil society organizations may face political interference and restrictions on their activities, particularly in authoritarian regimes. This can limit their ability to advocate for change and hold those in power accountable.
Fragmentation
Civil society organizations may be fragmented and lack coordination, which can limit their ability to effectively address complex social issues.
Limited Impact
Civil society organizations may struggle to achieve meaningful impact and bring about lasting change, particularly in the face of entrenched social and political structures.
Political Culture
Refers to the shared beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors that shape the political life of a society.
It is the way people think and feel about politics (role of government, rights of individuals, and extent and role of citizens in controlling policymaking), and how they act on those thoughts and feelings.
It is shaped by a variety of factors, including history, geography, religion, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Parochial Politcal Culture
It is characterized by a lack of interest and involvement in politics. People in these cultures tend to be focused on their own personal lives and do not see politics as relevant to their daily lives.
Subject Political Culture
It is characterized by a passive acceptance of the political system. People in these cultures may not be actively involved in politics, but they accept the legitimacy of the government and its authority.
Participant Political Culture
It is characterized by active involvement in politics. People in these cultures are engaged in the political process and believe that they can make a difference through their participation.
The Political Culture in the UK
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on individualism, democracy, and the rule of law.
The UK has a long history of parliamentary democracy, with a constitutional monarchy as the head of state.
The country has a two-party system dominated by the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
The UK has a strong tradition of civil society and a free press, which play an important role in shaping public opinion.
The Political Culture in Russia
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on state power and authority.
The country has a long history of authoritarian rule, with a strong central government and a powerful presidency.
The Russian Orthodox Church plays an important role in shaping public opinion and supporting the government.
The country has a strong tradition of nationalism and a sense of pride in its history and culture.
The Political Culture in China
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on collectivism, obedience to authority, and the importance of the state over the individual.
The country has a one-party system dominated by the Chinese Communist Party.
The government exercises tight control over the media and the internet, and dissent is not tolerated.
The country has a strong sense of national pride and a focus on economic development and modernization.
The Political Culture in Iran
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on religion and the importance of Islamic law.
The country has a theocratic system of government, with ultimate authority resting with the Supreme Leader.
The government exercises tight control over the media and the internet, and dissent is not tolerated.
The country has a strong sense of national pride and a focus on preserving its Islamic identity.
The Political Culture in Mexico
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on family, community, and personal relationships.
The country has a long history of corruption and a weak rule of law.
The political system is dominated by two major parties, the Institutional Revolutionary Party and the National Action Party.
The country has a strong tradition of civil society and a free press, which play an important role in shaping public opinion.
The Political Culture in Nigeria
Political culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on ethnicity and regional identity.
The country has a history of military rule and a weak rule of law.
The political system is dominated by two major parties, the People's Democratic Party and the All Progressives Congress.
The country has a strong tradition of civil society and a free press.
Political Socialization
Refers to the process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs, values, and attitudes. It is a lifelong process that begins in childhood and continues throughout one's life.
Agents of Socialization
There are various agents of socialization that influence an individual's political beliefs.
These include family, school, peers, media, religion, and government.
Family is considered the most important agent of political socialization as parents are the first to introduce children to political ideas and values.
Stages of Political Socialization
Political socialization occurs in different stages.
In the early stages, children learn about the basic concepts of politics such as democracy, authority, and power.
In the later stages, they develop more complex political beliefs and attitudes.
Factors Influencing Political Socialization
There are several factors that influence political socialization.
These include gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography.
For example, individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds may have different political beliefs and attitudes.
Impact of Political Socialization
Political socialization has a significant impact on an individual's political behavior.
It shapes their political beliefs, attitudes, and values, and influences their participation in political activities such as voting, joining political parties, and engaging in political discussions.
Challenges to Political Socialization
There are several challenges to political socialization.
These include the influence of fake news and misinformation, the rise of social media, and the increasing polarization of political beliefs.
Political Socialization in Democratic Countries
In democratic countries, political socialization occurs through various channels such as family, education, media, and peer groups.
Citizens are exposed to different political ideologies and are encouraged to participate in the political process.
Democratic countries promote freedom of speech, assembly, and association, which allows citizens to express their political views without fear of persecution.
Political Socialization in Authoritarian Countries
In authoritarian countries, political socialization is controlled by the state. The government controls the media, education, and other channels of communication to promote a specific political ideology.
Citizens are not encouraged to participate in the political process, and those who do are often persecuted. The government restricts freedom of speech, assembly, and association, which limits citizens' ability to express their political views.
The government plays a larger role in socialization and it put more concentrated pressure on socializing citizens
Similarities of Political Culture in Democratic and Authoritarian Countries
There is socialization in both → they both have families, peers, media
Political Ideologies
Political ideologies are sets of beliefs and values that shape the way people think about politics, society, and the role of government. They provide a framework for understanding how power should be distributed, how resources should be allocated, and how society should be organized.
Types of Political Ideologies
Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Communism, Individualism, Populism, and Fascism
Types of Political Ideologies - Liberalism
This ideology emphasizes individual freedom, equality, and the protection of civil liberties. It advocates for a limited government that protects individual rights and promotes economic growth through free markets.
Types of Political Ideologies - Neoliberalism
Belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society; support for privatization, free trade, deregulation, and the elimination of state subsidies
Types of Political Ideologies - Conservatism
This ideology emphasizes tradition, order, and stability. It advocates for a strong government that protects traditional values and promotes economic growth through free markets.
Types of Political Ideologies - Socialism
This ideology emphasizes social equality and the redistribution of wealth. It advocates for a strong government that controls the means of production and promotes social welfare.
Types of Political Ideologies - Communism
This ideology emphasizes the elimination of private property and the establishment of a classless society. It advocates for a strong government that controls all aspects of society and the economy.
Types of Political Ideologies - Individualism
Belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over government restrictions
Types of Political Ideologies - Populism
Political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites
Types of Political Ideologies - Fascism
This ideology emphasizes nationalism, authoritarianism, and the suppression of individual rights. It advocates for a strong government that controls all aspects of society and promotes the interests of the nation.
Aspects of Political Ideologies
Economic Philosophy, Role of Government, Social Issues, and Foreign Policy
Aspects of Political Ideologies - Economic Philosophy
One of the most important aspects of political ideologies is their economic philosophy.
This refers to their views on how the economy should be organized and managed.
Some ideologies, such as socialism and communism, advocate for a more centralized and planned economy, while others, such as capitalism and libertarianism, prioritize free markets and individual economic freedom.
Aspects of Political Ideologies - Role of Government
Another key aspect of political ideologies is their view on the role of government in society.
Some ideologies, such as conservatism and fascism, emphasize the importance of a strong and centralized government to maintain order and stability.
Others, such as anarchism and libertarianism, prioritize individual freedom and limited government intervention.
Aspects of Political Ideologies - Social Issues
Political ideologies also differ in their views on social issues such as gender, race, and sexuality.
Some ideologies, such as liberalism and progressivism, prioritize social justice and equality, while others, such as conservatism and traditionalism, emphasize traditional values and social norms.
Aspects of Political Ideologies - Foreign Policy
Finally, political ideologies also differ in their views on foreign policy and international relations.
Some ideologies, such as isolationism and pacifism, prioritize non-intervention and peaceful diplomacy.
Others, such as neoconservatism and imperialism, prioritize military strength and interventionism.
Political Beliefs and Values
Political beliefs and values refer to the ideas and principles that individuals hold about the role of government, the distribution of power, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
These beliefs and values shape political attitudes and behavior, and influence the way people vote, participate in political activities, and engage with public issues.
Types of Political Beliefs and Values
Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, and Communism
Types of Political Beliefs and Values - Liberalism
This political ideology emphasizes individual freedom, equality, and social justice. Liberals believe in a strong government that provides social welfare programs, protects civil liberties, and promotes economic equality.
Types of Political Beliefs and Values - Conservatism
This political ideology emphasizes tradition, order, and individual responsibility. Conservatives believe in limited government, free markets, and individual rights.
Types of Political Beliefs and Values - Socialism
This political ideology emphasizes collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and services. Socialists believe in a strong government that provides social welfare programs, regulates the economy, and promotes economic equality.
Types of Political Beliefs and Values - Communism
This political ideology emphasizes the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society. Communists believe in a strong government that controls all aspects of the economy and promotes social equality.
Factors Influencing Political Beliefs and Values
Family and Socialization, Education, Media, and Economic Status
Factors Influencing Political Beliefs and Values - Family and Socialization
Political beliefs and values are often shaped by family and socialization. Children tend to adopt the political beliefs and values of their parents and peers.
Factors Influencing Political Beliefs and Values - Education
Education plays a significant role in shaping political beliefs and values. Individuals with higher levels of education tend to have more liberal political beliefs and values.
Factors Influencing Political Beliefs and Values - Media
The media can influence political beliefs and values by shaping public opinion and framing political issues.
Factors Influencing Political Beliefs and Values - Economic Status
Economic status can influence political beliefs and values. Individuals with lower incomes tend to have more liberal political beliefs and values, while individuals with higher incomes tend to have more conservative political beliefs and values.
Nature and Role of Political Participation
Refers to the various ways in which citizens engage in the political process. It is a fundamental aspect of democracy and plays a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of a country.
Nature of Political Participation
Voluntary, Diverse, Inclusive, and Dynamic
Nature of Political Participation - Voluntary
Political participation is a voluntary act and individuals participate in politics based on their own interests and motivations.
Nature of Political Participation - Diverse
Political participation takes various forms such as voting, attending rallies, joining political parties, writing letters to elected representatives, and engaging in social media activism.
Nature of Political Participation - Inclusive
Political participation is inclusive and open to all citizens regardless of their social, economic, or political status.
Nature of Political Participation - Dynamic
Political participation is a dynamic process that evolves over time and is influenced by various factors such as technological advancements, social movements, and changing political ideologies.
Political Participation in Democracies
It is the basis of the regime and it gives the citizens a sense that their voices are being heard
Formal Political Participation in Democracies
Elections → voting, running for office, working for a campaign, and/or supporting a party
Referenda → a vote by the people on a specific issue
Personal Contact
Informal Political Participation in Democracies
Protests
Civil Society
Political Violence → Terrorism
Political Participation in Authoritarian Regimes
It is more restricted and controlled
The participation will be more supportive of the regime and less oppositional
It is less voluntary and more coerced
Why do Authoritarian Regimes allow political participation?
Legitimacy → this is the governments way of gaining the support of the people and to get recognition from outside the country
It’s a safety valve → it allows the people to express their views in a very controlled way
Feedback → the people are able to inform the government of what they like and what they don’t like
International Pressure → in order to have good trade relations they might say “yeah we let our people protest”
Roles of Political Participation
Representation, Accountability, Legitimacy, and Social Change
Roles of Political Participation - Representation
Political participation ensures that citizens are represented in the political process and their voices are heard by elected representatives.
Roles of Political Participation - Accountability
Political participation holds elected representatives accountable for their actions and decisions.
Roles of Political Participation - Legitimacy
Political participation enhances the legitimacy of the political system by ensuring that citizens have a say in the decision-making process.
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