Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for final exam review covering key materials in chapters 1, 5-16.

In anatomical terms, what plane cuts a person in half at the waist?

Transverse plane

In anatomical terms, what plane cuts off the face?

Frontal (Coronal) plane

If a person is shot through the chest, what body cavity is affected?

Thoracic cavity

If the outermost layer of the serous membrane is penetrated, what layer is affected?

Parietal membrane

Name the 11 organ systems.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Define homeostasis.

Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

What are the six levels of organization in the body?

Chemical Level, Cell Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, Organism Level

Name the four main classifications of tissue.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What is the difference between basal and apical?

Basal refers to the base surface, while apical refers to the surface away from the base.

What is the major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands deliver secretions through the blood, while exocrine glands deliver secretions through ducts.

Name the layers of the epidermis, listing them in order from most superficial to deep.

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Which layer(s) of the epidermis is/are limited to thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular

What is the name of the muscle that makes hair stand on end?

Arrector pili

Name the functions of the integumentary system.

Protection, prevents entry of microorganisms, prevents dehydration, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion/absorption

What compound is responsible for skin/hair color?

Melanin

What does the term hematopoietic mean and where are stem cells found?

Blood forming and found in red bone marrow

What does a chondroblast do?

Makes cartilage

What does an osteocyte do?

Maintains bone

What is another term for spongy bone and what part of bone does it make?

Cancellous bone

What are the four sinuses?

Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal

Name six major functions of the skeletal system.

Support, protection, movement, ion balance, bone cell formation, acid-base balance

What are two major ball and socket joints? What bones make sockets?

Pelvic and pectoral girdle. Glenoid cavity and acetabulum

Name the major types of joints.

Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

What is meant by 'articulation'?

'linking' of two bones or where two bones come together

List three shapes of muscles.

Deltoid, trapezius, rhomboid (or any other valid example)

What is a fascicle?

Muscle fiber bundle

What is fascia?

Connective tissue of muscle

Name three different types of muscle.

Cardiac, smooth and skeletal

What are epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?

Tissue layers that surround muscle

What are the two types of contractile fibers in muscle?

Actin & myosin

Name 2 main parts of the central nervous system (CNS) and 2 sets of nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Brain and spinal cord. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Draw a neuron and label the three major parts of that neuron.

Dendrites, cell body, axon

What are the major neuroglia and functions?

Oligodendrocytes (myelinate CNS axons), Astrocytes (maintain blood-brain barrier), Microglia (remove cell debris), Ependymal cells (produce CSF), Schwann cells (myelinate PNS axons), Satellite cells (regulate neuron environment).

What is myelin sheath and where do you find that on a neuron?

Coats axons of neurons.

Name three kinds of reflexes.

Stretch, golgi tendon and withdrawal

Name the major parts of a reflex arc.

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ

What are dermatomes?

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

What are the three layers of meninges?

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

What are your brain ventricles and what is inside? What cell makes this product?

4 of them, contain CSF and ependymal cells make CSF

What is meant by dual innervation?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervate to same targets with often opposing effects

What are the five major senses?

Touch, pressure, proprioception, pain, temperature

What are the five special senses?

Smell, balance, taste, hearing, sight