abnormal psych exam 1 review

hai

what are some myths surrounding mental health

mental health is due to emotional weakness, bad parenting, is sinful behavior, illness always has biological cause, can be easy to overcome, choice

what is the criteria for abnormal behavior?

unusualness, social deviance, faulty perceptions, significant personal distress, maladaptive or self deprecating behavior, dangerousness

explain the demonological model of abnormal behavior

abnormal behavior is caused by demons, holes were drilled in head to release demons, continued until the age of enlightenment

explain the ancient hippocratic belief system

caused by imbalance of humors, body fluids determined ones mental health

explain the medieval belief system

belief in supernatural causes, exorcism was large in the catholic church, witchcraft and asylums

explain witchcraft belief

late 15th to 17th century, churches said witches made pact with devil, used diagnostic tests to determine purity, if you float you were pure

explain asylums in medieval times

late 15th to 16th century, gave refuge to people with disturbed behavior, but were horrid conditions

expain reform movement and moral therapy

pussin was first to unchain “incurably insane” people, pinel began moral therapy and said people need to be in good environments to heal

what happened in the later half of the 19th century to moral therapy?

fell disfavored, people remained in bad conditions through the mid 20th century, conditions called for reform and deinstitutionalization

what type of drug helped with hospital reform

phenothiazines, used to treat schizophrenia. helped lessen time in hospital

what role do mental hospitals play today

provide structured environments where people can heal and be monitored

what is the biological perspective on psychological disorders?

explaining disturbed behavior through biological abnormalities, griesinger and krapelein

explain the psychological perspective on psychological disorders

freud produced the psychodynamic model, hinting that psych disorders were due to unconscious motives and conflicts. breuer thought hysteria was built from pent up emotions

explain the sociocultural perspective of psychological disorders

behavior is caused by failures of society rather than the person, we should look at the results of stigma

explain the biopsychosocial perspective of psychological disorders

explaining psychological disorders in terms of interactions between psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors

what are the components of the scientific method

describe, explain, predict, control

what are the two major principles in which ethical guidelines are based

consent and confidentiality

what is a flaw of naturalistic observation

gives information on behavior, but doesn’t say why

what is the independent variable

variable being changed

what is the dependent variable

variable being observed after change

what is internal validity

degree to how much independent variable can cause change

what is external validity

degree to whicih results can be generalized to other settings and conditions

what is construct validity

in experiments, the degree which treatment effects can be accounted for by theoretical mechanisms represented in the independent variables. in measurement, the degree to which a test measures the hypothetical construct that it purports to measure

what is the epidemiological method

research studies that track the rate of disorders among population groups

what is incidence

number of new cases that occur within a certain period

what is prevelance

number of cases in population within a specific period of time

what is a random sample

sample where every member of a population has an equal chance of being included

what is a proband

the case first diagnosed with a given disorder

what is a reversal design

baseline (a), treatment (b), baseline (reversal) (a), treatment (b)

what do dendrites do

receive messages

what do axons do

give messages to other neurons

what does the receptor site do

receive neurotransmitters

what does acetylcholine do

muscle control, memory formation

what does dopamine do

muscle contractions, mental processes like learning, memory, and emotions. involved in schizophrenia

what does norepinephrine do

responsible for memory and learning, linked to mood disorders like depression

what does seretonin do

regulation of mood, satiety, and sleep. linked to depression and eating disorders

what is the central nervous system made up of

brain and spinal cord

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

controlling voluntary movement

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

automatic processes (heart, respiration, digestion)

what is the function of the sympathetic nervous system

speed up, increase heart rate, breathing, gathering stored energy

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

calm down, promote digestion

what is the hindbrain and what does it contain

lower brain, medulla pons and cerebellum

what is the function of the medulla

life support (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)

what is the function of the pons

body movement involved with sleep, attention, and respiration

what is the function of the cerebellum

balance and coordination

what is the midbrain and what does it contain

nerve pathway linking hindbrain to forebrain, contains reticular activating system (RAS)

what is the function of the RAS

stimulates heightened alertness, sleep, attention, and arousal

what do depressants do to the RAS

reduce RAS activity

what does the forebrain contain

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

what is the function of the thalamus

sensory information to cortex, regulate sleep and attention

what is the function of the hypothalamus

regulating temperature, emotion, and hunger

what is the function of the limbic system

basic drives (hunger, thirst, aggression)

what is the function of the basal ganglia

regulate posture and coordination

what is the cerebrum

large mass of forebrain, contains cerebral hemispheres

what are the cortex’s of the cerebral cortex

temporal, occipital, frontal, parietal

what is the function of the parietal lobe

touch sensations, temperature, and pain

what is the function of the frontal lobe

controlling muscle movement

what is the preconscious

memories not in our awareness but can be brought into our awareness by focusing on them

what is the id

unconscious pleasure principle

what is the ego

curbs ids demands, considers what is socially acceptable

what is the superego

functions as overall moral compass

what are the psychosexual stages

oral (1 year) anal (2 year) phallic (3 year) latency (6-12) genitalia (puberty)

what did carl jung do

archetypes, collective unconscious

what did alfred adler do

inferiority complex

what did karen horrey do

importance of child-parent relationships

what did heinz hartman do

ego psychology, ego has motives of its own

what did erik erikson do

psychosocial development, importance of social interactions than to unconscious pieces

what did margaret mahler do

object relations theorist, how children develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives

how did freud think psychosis happened

spillover of id

explain the learning based model

behaviorism (watson), humans are product of environmental influences that shape and manipulate behavior. classical and operant conditioning

what is the social cognitive theory

emphasis in visual learning and incorporate rules for cognitive variable in determining behavior

explain the humanistic model

carl rogers and maslow, self actualization (reach fullest potential), unconditional positive regard (no matter what, this person has worth)

what is the conditional positive regard

including other people based on if their behavior meets ones approval

explain the cognitive model

irrational beliefs foster negative emotions (ellis) ABC approach (activating events, beliefs, and consequences), rational emotive therapy. beck different types of cognition distortions (abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification, absolute thinking)

explain the sociocultural perspective

social causation model (social stressors risk disorders) downward drift hypotehsis (linkage between low socioeconomic status and behavior problems

explain the diathesis stress model

certain disorders rise from diathesis with stressful experiences

types of psychodynamic therapy

free association (let it all out), dream analysis, transference relationship (project feelings onto therapist like therapist is the person in question), countertransference (transfer of analysis feelings or attitudes toward persons in life onto cliet)

behavior therapy

systematic desensitization (exposure to scary stimuli while relaxing), gradual exposure (put yourself in scary situation) modeling (model appropriate behavior) token economy

humanistic therapy

client takes the lead, unconditional positive regard

cognitive therapy

correct negative interpretations, rational emotive behavior therapy

what is beck’s cognitive therapy

clients record thoughts to rephrase negative self harm

explain cognitive behavior therapy

help people make changes through their thoughts beliefs and attitudes

what are some barriers to use of mental health services by historically marginalized groups

cultural mistrust, mental health literacy, institutional barriers, cultural barriers, language barriers, economic and accessibility barriers

what is culture bound syndrome

behavior found in predominately in only one or few cultures (ex: US and anorexia)

what is reliability

if two people have the same research conclusion

what is validity

if judgements coorespond with observed behavior or predicted the disorder

what are the types of clinical interview

unstructured (client own style of questions), semistructured (general outline), structured

what is the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

test used to analyze perosnality and diagnose psych disorders

what is the millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI)

test to help physicians diagnose personality disorders

what is the bender visual motor festalt test

test to determine psych disorders

what are analogue measures

stimulate setting where behavior happens