Untitled Flashcards Set

ABO Blood Grouping System

Based on the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma.

Antigens

Carbohydrate molecules on red blood cell surfaces that determine blood type.

ABO gene

The gene on chromosome 9 that controls blood type inheritance, with three possible alleles: A, B, and O.

Dominant Alleles

A and B alleles are dominant over the O allele in determining blood type.

Type A Blood

Blood type characterized by A antigen and anti-B antibodies.

Type B Blood

Blood type characterized by B antigen and anti-A antibodies.

Type AB Blood

Blood type characterized by both A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient).

Type O Blood

Blood type characterized by no ABO antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor).

H Antigen

A precursor molecule for both A and B antigens; absent in individuals with the Bombay phenotype.

Landsteiner’s Law

States that individuals produce antibodies against ABO antigens they do not possess.

IgM Antibody

Large pentamer-shaped antibody important in ABO blood group reactions, causing immediate agglutination.

IgG Antibody

Smaller monomer-shaped antibody important in Rh system reactions and able to cross the placenta.

Hemolysis

The destruction of red blood cells, which can occur due to mismatched transfusions.

Rh System

Blood group system involving several antigens, with the D antigen being the most clinically significant.

Anti-D Prophylaxis

Injection given to Rh-negative mothers to prevent antibody formation in cases of Rh incompatibility.

Transfusion Laboratory

A facility ensuring safe blood transfusions through compatibility testing, antibody identification, and crossmatching.

Pre-Transfusion Testing

Laboratory tests performed before blood transfusions to ensure safety and compatibility.

Crossmatching

A method to confirm that donor blood is compatible with the recipient’s plasma.

Immediate Spin Crossmatch

Quick test to check for ABO compatibility with no detectable antibodies.

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)

Test used to detect antibodies that require AHG for a reaction.

Quality Control in Testing

Measures taken to ensure accuracy and reliability in blood testing.

Agglutination Testing

Detection of antigen-antibody reactions through the clumping of red blood cells.

Positive Reaction

Indicates incompatibility or presence of antibodies in testing.

Negative Reaction

Suggests compatibility and no detectable antibodies.

Severe Reactions of Mismatched Transfusions

Includes Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction, Delayed Hemolytic Reaction, and Febrile Non-Hemolytic Reaction.

Prevention Measures for Transfusion Reactions

Strict compatibility testing and immediate medical intervention if reactions occur.