APUSH Period 7: 1890-1945

terms marked w/ asterisk* = important stuff, terms w/o asterisk = ppl/stuff you should look over for DBQs or LEQs or general review

Progressivism*

movement emerged during late 1800s; advocated increased gov’t intervention & monopoly regulation

• response to problems associated w/ urban & industrial US (ex: poverty, alcoholism)

muckrakers*

late 19th to early 20th cent; investigative journalists specialized in exposing corruption, scandal

• helped build support for progressive causes thru sensationalist appeal

Walter Rauschenbusch

Progressive who urged Christians to embrace teachings of Jesus & fulfill ethical obligation by working among poor ppl in cities

Ida Tarbell

Progressive muckraker who wrote abt ruthless biz practices of Standard Oil

Lincoln Steffens

Progressive muckraker who exposed corruption & influence political machines had over cities

Ida B. Wells

writer who argued against lynching of Black ppl

Hull House*

1889 settlement house established by Jane Addams + Ellen Starr

• provided recreational, social activities & educational classes for working class women & their children 

• inspired creation of other settlement houses in cities

National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

1896 organization that sponsored daycares, work & home training programs 

• tried lifting poor Black ppl to standards of middle-class womanhood

• promote interests of Black ppl

Women’s Trade Union League

1903 organization founded by working class women dedicated to higher wages, 8 hr work day, improved working conditions

• idea that women were “innately” weaker than men –> “protective legislation” for women

Muller v. Oregon

1908 SCOTUS ruling upholding Oregon law establishing 10 hr work day for women

• shows impact of Progressive labor reform efforts re: women

Sheppard-Towner Act*

1921 law that provided federal funding for maternity & child care; allowed nurses to offer maternal & infant health care info to mothers

Julia Lathrop / Children’s Bureau*

1912 organization founded by Julia Lathrop that collected sociological data & pushed for publicly funded social welfare measures

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

feminist against the idea that women were suited for domesticity, stating women’s reliance on men = unnatural & emphasized need for female economic independence

National American Women Suffrage Association*

1890 national org; contributed to ratification of 19th Amend in 1920 (women’s right to vote)

Alice Paul / National Women's Party*

1916 party founded by Alice Paul advocating for Equal Rights Amend. to provide full legal equality

19th Amendment*

1920 ratification of constitutional amendment granting women right to vote

Booker T. Washington + Tuskegee Institute*

1881 educational institute for southern Black ppl by Booker Washington; focused on teaching industrious habits & practical job skills

W.E.B. DuBois

argued for Black ppl having liberal arts education & equal voting rights so they’d be respected

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)*

1909 org founded by Du Bois, Wells, Addams, etc. to fight for racial equality

• focused on combating racism thru court cases challenging racial discrimination

Guinn v. United States

1915 SCOTUS ruling striking down grandfather clause that discriminated against Black voters

Zitkala-Sa

essays exposed boarding schools & their practices to forcibly assimilate Native Americans

Frances Willard + Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)*

1874 org that campaigned ban on sale & consumption of alcohol due to need to protect the home & supported broad social reforms like women’s suffrage

• alcohol considered as = domestic violence, loss of family finances

Anti-Saloon League*

1893 dominant force in prohibition movement after death of WTCU’s founder

• grew out out of evangelical Protestantism & appealed to rural Southerners

18th Amendment*

1919 ratification of constitutional amendment banning production of sale & production of alcohol

Volstead Act

1920 law defining alcoholic drinks if it contained more than a certain percentage of alcohol

Mann Act (White Slave Act)*

1910 act banned transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes

• used to enforce racial segregation & standards of moral behavior that confined women to traditional social norms

Margaret Sanger + birth control

asserted contraceptives would save mothers’ lives & avoid unsafe abortions & reduce chances of immigrant/minority children reproducing “unfit” children

Angel Island*

1910 immigration station in San Francisco

• detention center where Chinese immigrants imprisoned for long amounts of time whilst trying to prove eligibility for entry

Triangle Shirtwaist fire*

1911 industrial fire @ Triangle Shirtwaist factory in NYC

• deaths of more than 100 workers (mainly young women) caused by insufficient fire safety measures

commission governments*

replaced old form of city councils w/ elected commissioners who ran it like a biz

Robert La Follette

Wisconsin governor who enacted direct party primaries, law forbidding direct corporate contributions to political parties, graduated income tax

• less political machine power

17th Amendment*

1913 ratification of constitutional amendment requiring direct election of senators instead of chosen by state legislators

conservationism vs. preservationism

conservationism

• efficient & sustainable use of resources; balanced demand for natural resources & calls to preserve nature

preservationism

• preserve beauty of environment & o leave resources alone

Hetch Hetchy Valley → Hetch Hetchy Dam

controversy between conservationist Gifford Pinchot and naturalist John Muir after San Francisco asked gov’t for construction of dam & reservoir there

• Pinchot supported dam WHILE Muir opposed dam

• construction failed to consider Natives’ opinions

Square Deal*

Theodore Roosevelt’s plan to provide economic & political stability by guaranteeing rights of working class & protecting business interests

• reflected his goals of regulation of corporations, consumer protection & conservation of natural resources.

“good” trusts vs. “bad” trusts”*

Theodore Roosevelt’s differentiation between trusts

• “good” trusts: acted responsibly

• “bad” trusts: abused power (ex: railroad companies’ price discrimination towards smaller shippers)

Elkins Act*

1903 act outlawing railroad rebates (discounts); designed to protect smaller businesses & shippers who paid higher rates

Upton Sinclair + The Jungle*

1906 novel by muckraker Upton Sinclair portraying poor working & living conditions in Chicago & unsanitary practices in unregulated meat industry

• outraged public into demanding for gov’t regulation for food safety

Meat Inspection Act*

1906 law mandating federal inspections of meat, established standards for hygiene in meat factories

Pure Food and Drug Act* (Wiley Act)

1906 law that prevented sale of harmful & mislabeled foods and drugs

Payne-Aldrich tariff

1909 law raising duties on imports

• alienated many Progressives

Gifford-Ballinger controversy

1909-1910

Progressive Party a.k.a. “Bull Moose” Party

1912 political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt to help his candidacy for POTUS; split Republican vote, allowing Dem. Woodrow Wilson to win POTUS election

• promoted income tax, 8 hr work day, labor unions & end of child labor

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt’s agenda for 1912 presidential campaign

• called for increased regulation of large corporations, more active role of POTUS, expansion for social justice by power of federal gov’t

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s agenda for 1912 presidential campaign

• limited gov’t, ideal of society of small businesses

Underwood Tariff

1913 reduction of import duties; benefitted Southern & Midwest farmers who sought lower prices on manufactured products subject to tariffs

16th Amendment*

1913 ratification of constitutional amendment providing legal basis of income tax after SCOTUS prev. ruled it unconstitutional

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act by banning certain corporation tactics (ex: price discrimination) & protecting lanbor unions from prosecution

• designed to encourage economic competition

Federal Reserve System*

1913 establishment of regional banks lending $$ at “discount rate” to member banks

Federal Trade Commission*

1914 agency having power to investigate corporate activities & outlaw unfair practices

Adamson Act*

1916 act establishing 8 hr work day & overtime for workers in private industry

Keating-Owen Act*

1916 act banning interstate sale of goods made by children

• later overturned

Workmen’s Compensation Act*

1916 act guaranteeing rights of federal employees to get financial compensation or take legal action in case of injury

Josiah Strong + Our Country

1885 book by minister Josiah Strong asserting that white Northern European ppl were superior & US = responsible for spreading Christian blessings worldwide

“White Man’s Burden”*

1899 poem by English writer Rudyard Kipling asserting U.S. has a moral duty of imperialism and “civilizing” non-Western countries

Alfred Thayer Mahan + The Influence of Sea Power upon History

argued women’s suffrage would destroy existing gender roles

jingoists

extreme patriotic support of expansion & use of military power; desired war as way to demonstrate US strength & prove masculinity

Cuba Libre

independence movement where Cuba wanted independence, social & racial equaltiy

yellow journalism*

sensationalist news by provoking emotion; reported Spanish atrocities which increased public support for intervention in Cuba

Teller Amendment*

amendment of 1898 declaration of war against Spain stating Cuba should be independent

• asserted right to be involved w/ Cuban affairs until peace which allowed US to achieve imperial goals

Spanish-American War*

1898 war US declared against Spain to initially aid rebesl in Cuba; fought in Philippines & US victory

• annexation of Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

• control of Cuban affairs

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt’s regiment of 1st US Volunteer Cavalry; boosted Roosevelt’s popularity & political career

Treaty of Paris

treaty effective 1899 btwn US & Spain ending Spanish-American War

• guaranteed Cuban independence

• cession of Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam to US

Platt Amendment*

1901 act of Congress limiting Cuban sovereignty;

• prohibited signing foreign treaties w/o US consent & allowed US intervention in Cuba

Philippines-American War

1899 war that resulted US annexation of Philippines initiated w/o FIlipinos’ consent

Anti-Imperialist League*

1898 org to oppose annexation of Philippines

• reasons included fear of increased competition in job market, racial inferiority

Panama Canal*

part of Theodore Roosevelt’s efforts to establish US strength

• involved military backed US uprisings against Colombia in Panama

“big stick” diplomacy*

aggressive foreign diplomacy backed by threat of force

• enabled by economic instability of Central American & Caribbean nations

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 modification to Monroe Doctrine; affirming right of US to intervene of Latin American & Caribbean countries

Boxer Rebellion

violent uprising in China against foreign influence

Open-Door policy*

1899 policy informing nations occupying China the US had right to equal trade access w/ China

dollar diplomacy*

Taft’s economic focus of foreign policy; control of foreign assets in hopes of expanding US influence in Latin America & Asia

Mexican Revolution*

1911 war for Spanish independence that threatened US economic interests (oil) in Mexico

• led to Wilson’s deployment of Navy & occupation of Veracruz port

Women’s Peace Party*

1915 org that advocated for keeping US out of WWI

• started by women reformers & suffragists

Lusitania*

1915 sinkage of British passenger ship by German submarine torpedoes, killing dozens of Americans

• increased US public support for military force usage

• one of catalysts in US’s entry into WWI

Zimmermann telegram*

1917 secret telegram where Germany offered Mexico alliance if US joined WWI & promised Mexico to help reclaim lost lands in Mexican-American War (1848)

• increased US public support for WWI

• one of catalysts for US’s entry into WWI

Selective Service Act*

1917 law authorizing nationwide draft to support US military for WWI

Fourteen Points*

1918 core principles Wilson saw as basis of lasting peace after WWI

• incl. open diplomacy, establishment of League of Nations, right to self-determination

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty ending WWI, creating League of Nations & imposing war guilt clause on Germany

• US never ratified

Lodge reservations

modifications to Treaty of Versailles limiting US compliance w/ League of Nations & more power to US in its foreign policy

War Industries Board*

1917 created to supervise purchase of military supplies & prepare business to meet anticipated demand

• more effective later when lucrative contracts were offered to businesses

National War Labor Board*

1918 agency to settle labor disputes

• supported various labor reforms like 8 hr work day in exchange for no strike pledge

Food Administration*

1917 agency sought to increase military & civilian food supply thru voluntary conservation esp. thru publicity campaigns

Fuel Administration*

1917 agency managing use of gas & oil

• encouraged fuel holidays, daylight savings

• offered higher prices to coal companies

Railroad Administration

1917 agency controlled railroads, coordinated train schedule, regulated ticket prices, raising workers’ wages

Committee on Public Information

1917 gov’t org to create & promote pro-WWI propaganda & censor opposing voices

Espionage Act*

1917 law preventing antiwar activities incl. opposing military draft, banned mailing things advocating draft interference, intentional sabotage & spying

Sedition Act*

1918 law limited free speech by punishing people for expressing opinions considered as hostile to gov’t, flag, military

American Protective League*

1917 unofficial association employed people to spy on German residents suspected of disloyalty

• many investigations fueled by gossip

Red Scare

late 1910s to 1920s fear of communist inspired radicalism in wake of Russian Revolution

• led to Palmer raids on suspected radicals 

Schenck v. United States

1919 SCOTUS ruling limiting free speech “creating clear danger” to society

• upheld conviction under Espionage Act for mailing leaflets opposing draft

post-WWI labor strikes*

1919 series of widespread strikes by labor unions due to post-WWI inflation & resulting wage cuts

• violence of few strikes led to increased fears of radicals

Palmer raids*

1919-1920 gov’t roundup of couple of thousand of suspected foreign radicals

• reflected fears of foreign radicalism during 1st Red Scare

• resulted in deportation of many immigrants

American Civil Liberties Union

1920 org to monitor gov’t violations of Bill of Rights created by group of Progressives, pacificists

• indicative of investigations, deportations done by gov’t towards suspected radicals

Great Migration*

1917-1918 population shift of thousands of Blk ppl who left South to North & West to escape poverty, racism & for promise of wartime industrial jobs

• 1920s another population shift occurs

post-WWI race riots / Red Summer*

1919 race riots occurring in mainly cities

• caused by demobilization of Blk & white military members and increased job competition btwn Blk & white laborers

American Plan*

1920s movement pursued by employers to discourage union membership

• used VOLUNTARY business-sponsored worker welfare initiatives

Teapot Dome Scandal*

early 1920s oil & land scandal that highlighted close ties btwn business & gov’t post-WWI

Fordism*

basis of standardized mass production & mass consumption

• standardization of products by machines, assembly lines, higher living wages (increased accessibility to consumer goods)

• developed after WWI

post-WWI advertising industry

manufacturing companies increased $$ on advertising during 1920s

• firstly emphasized personal feelings of consumer over price or quality