SAP - M1L2

What is the primary focus of Lesson 02?

Understanding health and wellness from the public's perspective.

How are health, illness, disease, and sickness distinguished?

They represent different perspectives on human health and illness.

What concept explains why people respond differently to symptoms?

The symptom iceberg and illness behavior.

What are lay health beliefs?

Common explanatory models of illness that influence health-related decisions.

What is the Health Belief Model?

A model that helps explain health-related behaviors through its constructs.

What does wellness emphasize?

An active process of becoming aware of and making choices for a healthier life.

What is the definition of health according to the Declaration of Alma-Ata?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

What are the two perspectives of wellness?

Objective well-being and subjective well-being.

What does objective well-being refer to?

Measurable conditions that support basic human needs and rights.

What does subjective well-being encompass?

How individuals evaluate and experience their own well-being.

What are the three terms that describe different perspectives on health problems?

Disease, illness, and sickness.

Who primarily concerns disease?

Professionals in medical and other health care professions.

What is the main focus of illness?

The personal, experiential, and existential aspects of health.

Who is concerned with sickness?

Society, social institutions, health policy makers, and lawyers.

What type of knowledge is associated with disease?

Objective knowledge based on observable facts.

What type of knowledge is associated with illness?

Subjective knowledge based on personal experiences and feelings.

What does the term 'sickness' refer to in a health context?

Social conventions, norms, and roles related to health.

What does the Health Belief Model help identify?

Beliefs that may influence an individual's health behavior.

What is the significance of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights?

It recognizes the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

What does the 1987 Philippine Constitution state about health?

The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people.

What is the altruistic approach in the context of disease?

It entitles individuals to examination, diagnostics, and treatment.

What does care entail in the context of illness?

Attention, support, and moral and social considerations.

What are the implications of sickness in terms of resource allocation?

It can lead to economic support, compensation, but also discrimination and stigmatization.

What is the purpose of the symptom iceberg concept?

To explain the varying responses people have to symptoms.

What is the goal of wellness according to the WHO?

The realization of the fullest potential of individuals in various aspects of life.

What is the relationship between health beliefs and health-seeking behavior?

Health beliefs influence how individuals decide to seek healthcare.

What is the role of community participation in achieving health?

It is essential for attaining the highest possible level of health.

What does the term 'etiology of illness' refer to?

The study of the causes or origins of illness.

What does disease permit in a medical context?

It allows for medical explanation, attention, and action.

How does sickness differ from disease?

Sickness is recognized by society and entitles the individual to economic support, while disease is identified by the medical profession.

What is the first case in the triad of disease, illness, and sickness?

Case 1: The person feels ill, medicine identifies a disease, and society recognizes the person as sick.

Give an example of Case 1 in the triad.

Heart disease can cause symptoms, be medically diagnosed, and be socially recognized as a reason to seek treatment.

What happens in Case 3 of the triad?

The person feels ill, medicine identifies a disease, but society does not excuse them from normal duties.

Provide an example of Case 3.

A common cold can be recognized medically but does not excuse the person from work.

What is Case 5 in the triad?

Medicine identifies a biological abnormality, but the person has no symptoms and society does not treat them as sick.

Give an example of Case 5.

A genetic mutation identified through testing without any symptoms.

What characterizes Case 2 in the triad?

Medicine identifies a disease, but the person does not feel ill, and society may still provide treatment.

Provide an example of Case 2.

Asymptomatic hypertension detected through elevated blood pressure.

What is Case 4 in the triad?

The person feels ill and society recognizes them as sick, but medicine cannot identify an underlying disease.

Give an example of Case 4.

Pregnancy can cause symptoms like nausea, which society recognizes as needing medical care.

What is Case 6 in the triad?

The person feels something is wrong, but medicine cannot identify a disease, and society does not recognize them as sick.

Provide an example of Case 6.

A person experiences fatigue or anxiety without a clear disease diagnosis.

What is Case 7 in the triad?

Society labels a behavior as unacceptable, even if the person does not feel ill and medicine does not identify a disease.

Give examples of conditions classified in Case 7.

Delinquency, dissidence, and historical classifications of behaviors like masturbation and homosexuality.

What does the symptom iceberg illustrate?

It shows the difference between symptoms presented to healthcare professionals and those managed within the community.

What percentage of adults in Great Britain did not use anything for minor ailments?

46% did not use anything.

What is illness behavior?

It refers to how people perceive, evaluate, and respond to symptoms or changes in their health.

What is the individualistic approach to illness behavior?

It focuses on personal characteristics that influence health-related actions.

What is the collectivist approach to illness behavior?

It emphasizes the role of social factors and community in health-related actions.

What is the role of pharmacists in managing symptoms?

Pharmacists may be the first healthcare professionals consulted for minor symptoms managed within the community.

What is the significance of recognizing differences in health conditions?

It helps explain how medical judgment, individual experience, and social expectations influence understanding and treatment.

How can a condition be medically identifiable but not personally experienced?

A condition may be diagnosed without the individual feeling any symptoms.

What is the relationship between disease, illness, and societal recognition?

A condition can be recognized as a disease by medicine, felt as an illness by the individual, and socially recognized as sickness.

What does the collectivist approach focus on?

Social norms and values that influence behavior within social groups.

How can illness behavior influence healthcare?

It can affect healthcare use, adherence to medical regimens, and responses to preventive screenings.

What are the three types of variables that influence illness behavior according to Sirri et al. (2013)?

Illness-related, patient-related, and doctor-related variables.

Why is understanding lay health beliefs important?

It enhances understanding of the social impact of health, improves health professional-patient relationships, and helps develop appropriate health services.

What does etiology refer to in the context of illness?

The cause or explanation of how an illness develops.

What is the 'Invasion' explanatory model of illness?

The perception that the body is susceptible to intrusion by harmful substances or agents.

How is illness understood in the 'Degeneration' model?

As a natural consequence of aging leading to progressive deterioration of the body.

What does the 'Mechanical' model of illness suggest?

Illness results from an obstruction, fracture, or breakdown affecting the body's structure or function.

What is the 'Balance' model of health?

Health depends on maintaining equilibrium between elements within the body and its environment.

Who developed the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

Irwin M. Rosenstock and colleagues in the 1950s.

What was the initial purpose of the Health Belief Model?

To understand why people were not participating in tuberculosis screening and other preventive health services.

What is Health Motivation in the context of the HBM?

The level of interest or concern an individual has regarding their health and health-related issues.

What does Perceived Susceptibility refer to?

An individual's perception of their vulnerability or likelihood of experiencing an illness.

What is Perceived Severity in the HBM?

An individual's perception of how serious an illness or its consequences may be.

What do Perceived Benefits and Costs entail?

An individual's perception of the value of taking a health action, including expected benefits and costs involved.

What additional constructs were incorporated into the HBM?

Perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

What was the objective of the medication safety and disposal educational program?

To provide comprehensive informational support to the community and assess behavior change using the HBM.

What method was used to assess community members' understanding in the educational program?

An 8-item pre/post survey following the HBM constructs using a 5-point Likert scale.

What significant change was noted regarding awareness of medication disposal methods?

Improved awareness with a p-value of 0.044.

What does the term 'self-efficacy' refer to in the HBM?

An individual's belief in their capability to perform a behavior.

What is the significance of cues to action in the HBM?

They prompt individuals to take health-related actions.

What was the response rate of the pre/post surveys in the educational program?

92% (23 out of 25 participants completed the surveys).

What is the main focus of the Health Belief Model?

To explain how an individual's health beliefs influence health-related behaviors.

What are the consequences of illness behavior as depicted in the main determinants diagram?

Use of health care services, adherence to medical regimens, and response to preventive screenings.

What is the role of pharmacists in medication safety according to the educational program?

To ensure safe medication use, storage, and disposal practices.

What does 'perceived susceptibility' refer to in the Health Belief Model?

An individual's perception of the risk of developing or experiencing a health condition or harm.

What is meant by 'perceived severity' in the context of health beliefs?

An individual's perception of the seriousness of a health condition and its potential consequences.

Define 'perceived benefits' in the Health Belief Model.

An individual's belief that a recommended action will lead to positive outcomes.

How was 'perceived susceptibility' applied in the medication safety study?

It assessed participants' perception of the risk of medication misuse from unused medications in the household.

What does 'perceived barriers' mean in health behavior?

An individual's perception of the obstacles or difficulties in performing a recommended health action.

What are 'cues to action' in the Health Belief Model?

Internal or external stimuli that prompt an individual to take a health-related action.

Explain 'self-efficacy' in the context of health beliefs.

An individual's confidence in their ability to successfully perform a recommended behavior.

What example illustrates perceived benefits related to medication disposal?

"Routinely disposing of unused medications can prevent medication misuse in my household."

How does the Health Belief Model apply to understanding OTC medication information?

It helps participants understand the health benefits of using OTC label interactions and side effects to prevent medication-related problems.

Which perspective on illness behavior is illustrated by a person managing a symptom at home?

Individualistic approach.

What explanatory model of illness does the belief in aging causing health problems represent?

Degeneration.

Which Health Belief Model constructs are reflected when a person sees few benefits in taking preventive action?

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived benefits.

What does the Declaration of Alma-Ata state about health?

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

What is the primary focus of the study assessing medication safety and disposal?

To evaluate participants' perceptions and behaviors regarding medication misuse and disposal.

What is the significance of understanding OTC medication information?

It helps prevent medication-related problems by informing users about interactions and side effects.

What does the term 'sickness' refer to in the disease-illness-sickness triad?

The social perspective of being recognized as sick by society.

Which statement best describes the relationship between disease, illness, and sickness?

Disease refers primarily to medical findings, illness to personal experience, and sickness to the social perspective.

What does the term 'self-medication' imply?

The practice of individuals managing their own health without professional guidance.

How does the Health Belief Model influence medication disposal behaviors?

It encourages individuals to recognize the risks and benefits associated with proper medication disposal.

What role does confidence play in self-efficacy?

It determines an individual's belief in their ability to perform health-related actions successfully.

What is the purpose of cues to action in health behavior?

To prompt individuals to take necessary health-related actions.

How can understanding perceived barriers improve health outcomes?

By identifying and addressing obstacles that prevent individuals from taking recommended health actions.