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Conditioning

Learning associations between events.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through environmental events, exemplified by Pavlov's dog experiment where a bell signals food.

Ivan Pavlov’s Research

Studied dog digestion and discovered dogs salivate in response to stimuli associated with food.

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that initially elicits no response before learning occurs.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

Timing

The effectiveness of conditioning is maximized when the neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus, such as salivating at the sound of a bell.

Acquisition

The process of acquiring a conditioned response through pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Learning where behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards or punishments.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

Higher-order Conditioning

Conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned response.

Stimulus Generalization

Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

Learning to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.

Classical Conditioning in Ads

Associating attractive individuals with products to create positive responses through evaluative conditioning.

Learning to Fear

Fears can be conditioned, as demonstrated in the "Little Albert" study.

Counterconditioning

Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus to change the response.

Taste Aversion

A learned aversion to a specific food or smell after a negative experience, often occurring after one trial.

Antabuse

A drug that induces nausea to condition aversion to alcohol in treatment for alcoholism.

Drug Tolerance

The body's adaptation to a drug, requiring more of it to achieve the same effect.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior is controlled by its consequences, as studied by B.F. Skinner.

Reinforcement

Increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Primary Reinforcers

Naturally reinforcing stimuli that satisfy biological needs.

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a reinforcing stimulus to increase behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Shaping

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Extinction Burst

An initial increase in behavior when reinforcement is stopped, followed by a decrease.

Discriminative Stimulus

Cues that indicate the probable consequences of a behavior.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Different patterns of delivering reinforcement, affecting behavior consistency.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement occurs every time the behavior is performed.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcement occurs only sometimes, leading to greater resistance to extinction.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time.

Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforcement after varying amounts of time.

Biological Influences

Factors that can affect the speed and effectiveness of conditioning.

Preparedness & Phobias

Genetic predispositions to fear certain stimuli based on ancestral threats.

Instinctive Drift

The tendency for animals to revert to instinctive behaviors.

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately reflected in behavior.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others, as demonstrated by Albert Bandura's studies.

Bobo Doll Experiment

Children learn aggressive behaviors through observation of adults.

Consciousness

Awareness of internal and external stimuli.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological processes that follow a 24-hour cycle, including sleep-wake patterns.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

The brain's master pacemaker regulating circadian rhythms.

Sleep Deprivation

Lack of sleep that can impair cognitive function and increase accident risk.

Stages of Sleep

Different phases of sleep characterized by distinct brain wave patterns.

REM Sleep

A sleep stage associated with vivid dreaming and brain activity similar to wakefulness.

Activation Synthesis Model

A theory suggesting dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

Hypnosis

A state of heightened suggestibility and focused attention.

Dissociation Theory

A split in