immunoglobulins

innate immunity

the 1st line of defense, mostly exists before exposure, foreign particles eliminated within hours, no memory, detects pattern not molecular differences

adaptive immunity

occurs after exposure, delayed response, very specific, memory response is rapid and more effective

immunoglobulins

proteins produced by the immune system

b lymphocytes

type of cell that drives humoral immunity

immunoglobulin, antibody

… is the protein that is made of B lymphocytes, also called …

antigen

any substance that is capableof eliciting a immune response

epitope

part of the antigen that binds to the antibody is the …

epitope

the varying of this causes different immune responses, similarities causes similar affects (Ex. allergies) …

recognition function

aspect of the immune system that recognizes foreign material specifically

defence/effector function

aspect of the immune system that initiates a responce to protect against the foregin material

IgG, tetramer

the most abundant protein/antibody in the blood serum … , it is a …

2, 2

IgG has .. large heavy chains and … short light chains

primary sequences

immunoglobulins can have many different … allowing them to conduct their job on defending against many antigens

unique

each IgG has a … primary sequence

specific noncovalent bonds

recognization occurs through forming…

complementary determining regions

antibodies bind antigens at …

c-terminal half of the l chain,c-terminal three quarters of the h chain

regions of the antibodies that are very similar between them all:

n-terminal domain, variable

the most variable part of the immunoglobulin is at the … , also called the … region

Vl, Vh

the … and … regions of the IgG binds to the antigen

v,c,l,h

the variable regions of IgG is labeled … the constant … . Light chains and heavy chains are determined through the subscript … and …

50 KD, peptide bonds

igG is made from 3 … fragments binded by …

3 fragments

proteases break the peptide bonds in the IgG between the …

Fab, Fc

when protease acts on IgG the 2 ‘top sections’ break off into … and the lower section of strickly heavy chain is …

antigen binding fragment, crystallizing fragment

Fab stands for … and Fc …

keeps

when fragmented the Fc region .. its function, initiating immune responses

hinge

the … region of IgG gives it flexibility, allows cleavage, and allows for more variety of binding

disulfide bonds, mercaptoethanol, 4

the light and heavy & heavy and heavy chains within fragments are linked through … , broken by … into ... pieces as the links between fragments are not broken

12, antiparallel b strands, b sandwich

immunoglobulins have … domains made of 2 sheets of … called a …

ch2

carbohydrates are attached to the … domain in most immunoglobulins, but can be elsewhere

induced fit

when conformation changes for a ligand to binds, where both the protein and ligand change conformation. allows tight binding

some, 15, cleft

small molecule antigens interact with … of the CDR’s, about … residues. they bind within the … so that the antigen is surrounded by the antibody

electrostatic, hydrogen, van der waals, hydrophobic

interactions between antigen and antibody:

6 CDRs, 20, flat

large molecule antigens interact with more of the … , and … or more residues. they interact with a … surface

histamine

chemicals released by antibodies that cause allergic reactions

6 CDRs

when someone has a egg allergy, all … interact with the epitope

shape of binding site, amino acid side chains at the site

factors that determine affinity between an antibody and antigen:

noncovalent interaction

for the best binding between a antibody and antigen its best to maximize …

heavy chain, effector function

each antibody class hasa unique … that determines the …

IgE, IgG

least abundant Ig class … most is …

binding sites

oligomer ig’s provide additional …

IgM

Ig that can be a membrane bound monomer or secreted cross linked pentamer

IgA

Ig that can be a monomer,dimer, or trimer

wbc, engulf, poke holes

when IgG binds to the Fc region it activates … (or other parts of immune sys.) , to … or to …

histamines

when IgE binds to the Fc region it secretes … that increase BV permeability and dilation

polyclonal

antibodies that have different AA sequences, recognize different areas of the target protein and bind them with different affinities

monoclonal

antibodies that are descended from the same b-cell, they are identical, die quickly

hybridoma cells

to form monoclonal antibodies cells from the spleen re fused with myeloma cells to form … , these can be screened to find the cell that forms the antibody of intrest

monoclonial

type of antibody that can be easily studied

elisa

technique used to determine the quantity of a ig in a sample

patient serum, nonantigen binding proteins, secondary antibody with enzyme, substrate, color, antibody

when using elisa, the … is added to the plate thats then washed of the …, a … is added which will determine the amount of the primary excess of this is washed, the … for the enzyme is added. the … then changes, the darker the more of the …

western blotting, molecular weight

used when proteins have already been separated by gel electrophoresis … , proteins are separated by …

primary antibody, secondary antibody, primary antibody, color change

when using western blotting, the … is added for the protein of intrest , a … is added binding to the …. catalyzing a reaction that produces a …

immunofluorescence

used to visualize proteins where the cells are still alive

antibody, fluorescent molecule

when using immunofluorescence a … attatched to a … is added to view the sample under microscopy