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Institution
Humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interaction.
Formal Institutions
Rules and procedures created, communicated, and enforced through official channels.
Informal Institutions
Socially shared rules that are usually unwritten and enforced outside of officially sanctioned channels.
Institutional Change
The process through which institutions evolve to try to survive and adapt.
Agency
The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices.
Transaction Costs
Costs incurred during the exchange of goods or services.
Punctuated Change
Change that is marked by significant shifts rather than continuous evolution.
Socially Constructed Identities
Identities that are shaped by social interactions and societal norms.
Human Rights
A powerful institution that encompasses rights held by individuals on multiple levels.
Multiculturalism vs. Melting Pot
Different approaches to cultural integration within a society.
Canadian Settler Colonialism
A system that involves policies and practices aimed at the control and displacement of Indigenous peoples.
Westphalian Sovereignty
A principle of international law that defines the authority of states over their territory.
Asymmetries in Application
Disparities in how rights and laws are enforced and upheld among different groups.
Key Individuals in Russian Oligarchy
Notable figures associated with political and economic power during and after the Soviet Union.
Institutionalism
A theoretical perspective emphasizing the role of institutions in shaping social behavior and outcomes.
Sanctions in Formal Institutions
Official penalties or punishments used to enforce compliance with rules and norms.
Types of Informal Institutions
Categories such as complementary, accommodating, and competing institutions.
Indigenous Rights
Rights held by Indigenous peoples that arise from their unique historical and cultural status.
Political History
The historical context that influences current political structures and dynamics.
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