Infectious Diseases

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Last updated 2:22 AM on 7/23/26
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17 Terms

1
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Amoxicillin

Amoxil, Moxatag

Beta Lactam: Antibiotic

MOA: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesisby binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) leading to cell lysis and death

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 500 - 1000 mg PO q8h

  • 875 mg PO q12h

  • FORMS: Capsule, Tablet, suspension, chewable tablet

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls:

  • Take with or w/o food

  • For the suspension shake well and store in the fridge ** note short expiration after reconsitution

2
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Penicillin

Pen VK, Veetids

Beta Lactam: Antibiotic

MOA: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesisby binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) leading to cell lysis and death

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 250 - 500 mg po q6h

  • 500 mg po bid

  • FORMS: tablet, solution

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points/ Clinical Pearls:

  • Take on an empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal

3
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Amoxicillin/Clavulante

Augmentin

Beta Lactem + Beta Lactamase Inhibitor: Antibiotic

MOA: Inhibits cell wall synthesis; clavulante inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 500 mg po q8-12h

  • 875 mg po q12h

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls

  • Take with Food to prevent GI upset

4
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Cephalexin

Keflex

Cephalosporin 1st gen: Antibiotic

MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs leading to bacterial lysis

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 250 - 500 mg po q6-12h

  • FORMS: capsule, tablet, suspension

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls:

  • Probenecid can increase levels of all beta lactums

  • cross -reactivity with PCN allergy

5
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Cefuroxime

Ceftin

Cephalosporin 2nd Gen: Antibiotic

MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs leading to bacterial lysis

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 250 to 500 mg po BID

  • PO- Tablets

  • IV

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls:

  • Probenecid (medication that treats gout) can increase levels of all beta lactums

  • cross -reactivity with PCN allergy

6
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Cefdinir

Omnicef

Cephalosporin (3rd gen)

MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs leading to bacterial lysis

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 300 mg po BID

  • PO - Capsules, Suspension

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea

  • vomitting

  • rash

  • headache

  • hypersensitivity

  • hemolytic anemia w/a positive Coombs test

  • seizures w/accumulation

Counsiling Points:

  • Seperate antiacids, irons, and vitamins by 2 hrs

  • do not refrigerate oral suspensions

7
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Doxycycline

Vibramycin

Antibiotic: Tetracycline

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein-synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit, preventing peptid chain elongation

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 100 mg po q12h

  • IV

  • PO - Capsule, tablet, suspension

  • No renal dose adjustment required

Side Effects:

  • nausea

  • diarrhea

  • photosensitivity

  • tooth discoloration (in children <8 yo)

  • esophageal irritation

Cousiling Point/Clinical Pearls:

  • Take with a full glass of water and remain up right for 30 minutes

  • Not recommended for children under 8 years old or pregnant women

  • Seperate Admin of antacids, polyvalent cations, sucralfate and bile acid resins

8
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Minocyline

Minocin

Antibiotic: Tetracycline

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein-synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit, preventing peptid chain elongation

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 100 mg po q12h

  • PO - tablet, capsule

Side Effects:

  • nausea

  • diarrhea

  • photosensitivity

  • tooth discoloration (in children <8 yo)

  • esophageal irritation

Counsiling/Clinical Pearls:

  • Drug Induced lupus erythematosus

9
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Azithromycin

Zithromax, Z-Pak

Antibiotic: Macrolide

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing protein elongation

Doses/Dosage forms:

  • Zpak - 500 mg X1D then 250 mg X4D

  • tablet, suspension, packet

Side Effects:

  • Qtc prolongation

  • GI upset

  • diarrhea

  • nausea/vomiting

  • headache

  • rash

  • elevated LFTs

10
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Clarithromycin

Biaxin

Antibiotic: Macrolide

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing protein elongation

Doses/Dosage Forms

  • 250 to 500 mg po BID

  • IV

  • PO - tablet, suspension

Side Effects:

  • Qtc prolongation

  • GI upset

  • diarrhea

  • nausea/vomiting

  • headache

  • rash

  • elevated LFTs

  • Taste disburnces

  • increased mortality from CAD

Clincal Pearls/Counsiling Points

  • Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor

11
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Erythromycin

Erthrocin

Antibiotic: Macrolide

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing protein elongation

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 250 to 500 mg po BID - QID

  • PO - tablet, capsule, susp., ophthalmic oinment,

  • IV

  • Topical: gel, solution

Side Effects:

  • Qtc prolongation

  • GI upset

  • diarrhea

  • nausea/vomiting

  • headache

  • rash

  • elevated LFTs

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls

  • Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor - do not use with lovastatin or simvastatin

12
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Fidaxomicin

Diflicid

Antibiotic: Macrolide

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing protein elongation

Doses/Dosage Form

  • 200 mg po BID

  • PO - Tablet, suspension

Side Effects:

  • Qtc prolongation

  • GI upset

  • diarrhea

  • nausea/vomiting

  • headache

  • rash

  • elevated LFTs

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls

  • Used primarily in C. Diff infections

13
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Ciprofloxacin Oral

Cipro, Cipro XL

Antibiotic - Fluoroquinolones

MOA: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication

Doses/Dosage Forms:

  • 250 - 750 mg po BID

  • PO: tablet, suspension

Side Effects:

  • diarrhea

  • nausea/vomiting

  • rash

  • headache

  • dizziness

  • QT prolongation

  • hypo and hyperglycemia

  • Psychiatric disturbances

  • photosensitivity

  • Boxed Warning: Serious Adverse Effects (tendon rupture, peripherial neuropathy, CNS - Seizures) exarbation of myasthenia gravis

Counsiling Points/Clinical Pearls

  • Oral: Take at least 2 hr before or 6 hrs after antacids, Carafate or mineral supplements and multivitamins with calcium, iron, or zinc

  • Cipro Solution: cannot go in the NG or other tubes

  • Avoid systemic options in children and pregnancy/breast feeding

14
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MOA: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication

15
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MOA: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication

16
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MOA: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication

17
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MOA: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication