Human Anatomy: Chapter 2

\___ the science of structure and interactions of matter

chemistry

\___ anything that has mass and takes up space

matter

\___ amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity of acting on a mass

mass

Exists in 3 forms: solid, liquid, gas

matter

All forms of matter are composed of

chemical elements

Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

chemical elements

Elements are given letter abbreviations called

chemical symbols

oxygen (65%)

carbon (18.5%)

hydrogen (9.5%)

nitrogen (3.2%)

compromised by 96% of body masss

Cclcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, and iron makes up how much body mass

3.6%

What percentage is composed of trace elements

0.4%

Aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

trace elements

Chemical elements are composed of units of matter the same type called

atoms

Smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

atoms

Atoms contain: protons(p+) and neutrons (neutral charge)

nucleus

Atoms contain: electrons (e-) surround the nucleus as a could (electron shells are designated regions of the could)

electrons

What makes up trace elements

units of matter of the same type called atoms

How many \=/what are the subatomic particles that atoms are composed of

protons, neutrons, electrons

Where are protons and neutrons located of an atom

nucleus

How many electrons can the first outer shell contain of an atomic atom

two

How many electrons can the second shell contain of an atomic atom

eight

Units of matter of all chemical elements are called

atoms

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

mass number

Two or more atoms that have the same atomic number

isotope

An atom that has lost or gained an electron

ion

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

molecule

A substance that can be broken down into two or more different elements

compound

\___ all lost electrons so they end up with a positive charge (hydrogen, sodium, calcium)

cations

\___ accepts electons/take electrons off and end up with a negative charge (chlorine, hydroxide ion, phosphate ion)

anions

\___ when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

chemical bond

The number of electrons in what's called \___ will determine whether an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

valance electron

How many electrons does the outer shell contain

8

How many electrons can the first inner shell contain

2

Electrons orbiting around the nucleus tend to spend most of their time in specific regions \___

electron shells

Shell: no more than 8 e-

second

Shell: no more than 18 e-, although in some stability can be reached with 8 e- in \___

third

- have up to 3 shells

- can reach stability with 8 electrons

sodium and chlorine

What do atoms have to do to their outermost shell to its maximum

empty/fill

\___ may give up, accept, or share electrons with other atoms

atoms

giving up and accepting are found in\___ atoms

ionic bonds

Sharing covalent bonds are found in \___ atoms

shared electrons

In a chlorine atom, what is the outermost shell

7e-

In chlorine atom, one stable form can be reached with only \___ in the 3rd shell

8e-

\___ atoms of a few elements have completely filled outer shells and do not gain or lose electrons

inert elements

Helium and neon are examples of \___

inert elements

\___ when an atom loses or gains a valent electron, ions are formed

ionic bonds

\___ ions are attracted to one another

positive and negative

\___ are positvely charged ions that given up one or more electrons

cation

\___ are negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost

anion

\___ formed by sharing valence electrons

covalent bond

\___ are common and are the strongest chemical bond in the body

covalent bond

When atoms share the electrons equally; one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly then the other atom

Covalent bonds

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

Polar covalent bond

This example is apart of: in a water molecule, oxygen attracts the hydrogen electrons more strongly

Polar covalent bonds/unequal sharing

What is it called when one water molecule bonds with another water molecule

Hydrogen bond

\___ results from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water \____

Cohesion

\___ is the tendency of like particles to stay together

Cohesion

Hydrogen bonds can create \___

Surface tension

\___ measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking of a liquid

Surface tension

What occurs when new bonds form or old bonds are broken

Chemical reaction

\___ starting substances

Reactants

\___ ending substances

Products

\___ capacity to do work

Energy

\___ is stored by matter due to its position

Potential energy

\___ associated with matter of motion

Kinetic energy

Energy can be neither crested nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

Law of conservation

\___ the bond that's being broken has more energy than the one formed so the extra energy is released as heat

Exergonic reaction

\___ requires that energy be added, usually from ATP

Endergonic reaction

The energy needed for a specific chemical reaction to occur

Activation energy

Amount of energy needed to disrupt the stable electronic configuration of a specific molecule so that electrons can be rearranged

Activation energy

All of the synthesis reactions in your body are called

Anabolism

\___ two components bond to make a larger molecule

Synthesis reaction

\___ bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products

Decomposition reaction

\___ bonds are both formed and broken

Exchange reaction

\___ removal of electrons from a molecule

Oxidation

What is the result of oxidation reduction reactions

Decrease in the energy content of the molecule

\____ addition of electrons to a molecule

Reduction

What results in an increase in the energy content of the molecule

Reduction

Loss of electrons and energy released

Oxidation

Gain of electrons and energy gain

Reduction

\___ transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occur in parallel

Oxidation reduction reaction

\___ usually lack carbon and simple molecules

Inorganic compound

\___ turning water back into ions

Ionization

\___ breaking apart sucrose to break bond by the insertion of a water molecule (definition and example in one)

hydrolysis

When you take glucose and frucose and eliminate water molecule

dehyfration

water is added to break bonds

hydrolysis reaction

Water is removed to make bonds

dehydration synthesis reaction

When you throw a salt, base, or acid into water what happens

seperation

When molecules of inorganic adids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, what do they undergo

ionization/dissociation

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)

acid

Hydrochloride acid is an example of

negative ion

Anything that will divide a cation and hydroxide anions

base

Dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations

base

Dissolves into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

salt

NaCl (arrow) NA+ + Cl-

salt