RQ 3

Desert mafia

A group that poses a threat to travelers in the desert, often robbing them.

Thirst

A condition that can be fetid and lethal, leading to death for many people in arid environments.

Water scarcity

A significant challenge faced by traders on the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes due to limited water sources.

Intestinal problems

Health issues that could arise from drinking water from rocky gullies.

Camel intestines

Used as water pouches by people to store and drink water.

Addax Antelope

An animal that could be killed for its intestines, which provided drinkable green water.

Daily inconveniences

The regular struggles faced by people living in desert conditions, particularly related to water access.

Omnipresent fleas

A common nuisance in the desert environment.

Snakes

Another environmental hazard faced by travelers in the desert.

Water cost

The increasing price of water due to scarcity and the needs of horses.

Demons

Entities mentioned by Ibn Battuta that would toy with isolated travelers, leading them astray.

Traveling in a caravan

A method that provided safety and support for travelers, allowing for strict discipline and organization.

Arabian camel

An animal crucial for trade across the Sand Roads, capable of carrying heavy loads and going long periods without water.

Spread of Islam

A factor that facilitated the exchange of knowledge and learning throughout Africa by connecting Muslim trade partners.

Timbuktu

A significant center of learning in West Africa, known for its numerous Quranic schools and higher education institutions.