AP Euro Vocab - Final Fall 2024

18th century agricultural revolution

changes in agricultural production as a result of new crops and methods of farming/enclosure movements

enclosure movements

The privatized use of common land for personal or financial gain by noblemen, who evicted commoners who relied on the land for subsistence. ---> increased social conflict, famine, inflation, and immigration to North America.

7 year's war

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies, 1756 - 1763; --->Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

Ancien regime

old order; system of government in pre-revolution France

3 estate system

1st estate: monarchs and clergy, 2nd estate: nobles, 3rd estate: everyone else (commoners, wealthy merchants, farmers)

christian humanists

Had the goal of reforming the Church and believed people could improve and become more pious or religious by reading the basic works of Christianity (northern europe)

committee of public safety

Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.

crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

divine right of kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

economic liberalism

the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy

estates general

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. First to circumnavigate the world.

Rousseau's general will

the will of the people as a whole

guilotine

french machine for beheading people

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval), had SIX wives

jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 - 1794.

John Locke

English philosopher; social contract: government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and government serves the people; natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Napoleon's civil code of 1804

Ideals from Enlightenment and the French Revolution, all French men are equal, everyone has freedom of religion, protected property rights, workers are inferior to employers, men are superior to women, women lost their rights

national assembly

3rd estate declaration that it was the only true govt. in france

new monarchs

term describing powerful rulers of Europe who formed loyal armies, had some power over the Catholic church, and maintained centralized governments excluding nobles

partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

philosophes

A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society

printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

reign of terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

salons

gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment

spanish inquisition

an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion (mainly Jews and Muslims)

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

Thomas More's Utopia (1516)

describes a community on an island somewhere beyond Europe, where children receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman Classics

women's march on versailles

Revolt where women invaded the National Assembly and the royal apartments (1789)

18th century consumer revolution

period from 1600-1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.

academies of science

state-funded research programs during the scientific revolution

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

continental system

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions based on considerations of the common good. preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man. (Liberty, Property, Safety and Resistance to Oppression)

dutch republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each with republic.

edict of nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

enlightened absolutism

Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers.

fall of the bastille

Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly; this was the symbolic start of the revolution

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars, told by the catholic church to stop his work or he'd be shunned

Georges Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

Haitian revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on Haiti. set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US).

Italian humanists

interested in reviving classical language and classical texts; people used their ideas to examine the traditional teachings of the Church

Jean-Paul Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

maria theresa of austria

became queen through pragmatic sanction, fought for her inheritance, people thought she was weak, left with no money or army

medici family

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Napoleon's Grand Empire

the empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon)

natural philosophy

The scientific study of nature, which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages.

northwest passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion

Peter the Great of Russia

Tried to westernize Russia and built a new capital at St. Petersburg

predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

public sphere

a place where society discuses the issues that affect everyone

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution, in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, he was executed without trial.

scientific method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

tennis court oath

vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written (france)

thomas hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

universal male suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections