chemistry - structure and bonding

what is a subatomic particle?

a particle, smaller than an atom

what are the three subatomic particles?

protons, neutrons and electrons

where are protons found in the atom?

in the nucleus.

where are neutrons found in the atom?

in the nucleus

where are electrons found in the atom?

in shells around the nucleus

what is between the nucleus and the shells?

nothing

what is the relative mass of a proton?

1

what is the relative mass of a neutron?

1

what is the relative mass of an electron?

(almost) zero

what is the relative charge of a proton?

1

what is the relative charge of a neutron?

0

what is the relative charge of an electron?

-1

what is the approximate radius of an atom?

0.1nm

what is the approximate radius of a nucleus?

1/10 000 of the radius of an atom

what are nucleons?

subatomic particles in the nucleus (neutrons and protons)

what does the atomic number of an atom represent?

the number of protons

what does the atomic mass number of an atom represent?

the total number of nucleons (protons AND neutrons)

what feature of atoms determine which element they are?

the atomic number

how can you work out how many neutrons there are in an atom?

subtract the atomic number from the mass number

how can we use the periodic table to work out the number of electrons an atom has?

use the atomic number/proton number

why do atoms have no overall charge?

equal numbers of protons and electrons

what is the maximum number of electrons that can fit on the first electron shell?

2

what is the maximum number of electrons that can fit on the second electron shell (and beyond)?

8

what is the plum pudding model of the atom?

positive ball of charge with negative electrons within

who proposed the plum pudding model?

JJ thompson

what is the nuclear model of the atom?

very small positive charged nucleus in centre of atom

what evidence led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom?

alpha scattering experiment

who first carried out the alpha scattering experiment?

rutherford

who first proposed that electrons were arranged in electron shell?

niels bohr

who discovered the neutron?

james chadwick

what is the order of discovery of subatomic particles?

electron, proton, neutron

rows going across the periodic table are called?

periods

columns going down the periodic table are called?

groups

how are elements in the periodic table arranged?

in order of increasing atomic number (protons)

what can be said of the properties of elements found in the same group?

similar chemical properties

what is the link between group number and the electronic configuration of atoms?

group number = a number of electrons on the outer electron shell of an atom

what is the link between period number and the electronic configuration of atoms?

period number = number of electrons shells the atom has

what happens to the size of atoms going down groups?

they get bigger/larger atomic radius

which scientist created the first version of the modern periodic table?

dmitri mendeleev

how were elements arranged in the early versions of the periodic table?

in order of increasing atomic weight

how was Mendeleev’s table different to Newlands’?

gaps were left for undiscovered elements

why was Mendeleevs’ table eventually accepted by scientists?

he made predictions about undiscovered elements which turned out to be accurate

what type of electronic configuration is the most stable?

an electronic configuration that has a full outer-shell of electrons

which group of elements have full outer electron shells?

noble gas (group 0/8)

name three properties of noble gases

unreactive, colourless, low boiling temperatures

what is the trend in boiling temperature as you go down group 0/8

boiling temperature increase as you go down the group

what are the first three group one metals?

lithium, sodium, potassium

give three properties of group one metals?

soft, low density, melt easily

give two observations for the reaction between a group one metal and water

fizzing, universal indicator, solution turns purple

what are the first four elements in group 7 (halogens)?

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

give two properties of group 7 elements

poisonous, low melting temperature