Lab 5 - Respiratory Physiology

respiratory volumes

various amounts of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during different stages of breathing

obstructive lung diseases

obstruction of the lungs causes air to be “trapped” in the lungs when it cannot be exhaled; over time, this can cause excess stretching of lung tissue

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

an obstructive lung disease example

restrictive lung diseases

a loss of compliance, or elasticity, in the lung tissue; because the lungs are “stiffer,” less air is brought into the lung tissue

tidal volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled on a normal breath

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

additional air that can be forcefully inhaled past a normal tidal volume inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

additional air that can be forcefully exhaled past a normal tidal volume expiration

reserve/residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal exhalation

vital capacity (VC)

total amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inhalation

inspiratory capacity (IC)

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

functional residual capacity (FRC)

total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

total lung capacity (TLC)

total amount of air the lungs can contain

vital capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

equation for vital capacity

inspiratory capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

IC = TV + IRV

equation for inspiratory capacity

functional residual capacity = reserve/residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

FRC = RV + ERV

equation for functional residual capacity

total lung capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + reserve/residual volume

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

equation for total lung capacity

spirometry

medical test used to measure the four lung volumes with the use of a simple, non-invasive instrument called a spirometer

can be used to indicate abnormalities in lung function

spirometer

simple, non-invasive instrument used for spirometry

respiratory minute volume (L/min) = tidal volume (mL) * respiratory rate (breaths/min)

equation for respiratory minute volume

respiratory minute volume (L/min)

the total amount of air that flows into and out of the respiratory tract in one minute

breath-holding; pulmonary function; functional reserve; lung capacity; pH

A longer _______ time generally indicates better _______, _______, and larger _______ because the lungs are better able to help maintain body _______.

respiratory; cardiovascular; atmospheric air; tissue

The _______ system and _______ system function to take oxygen into the body from the _______ and deliver it to the _______ cells.

respiratory acidosis

As carbon dioxide builds up in the blood, the pH of the blood becomes more acidic (pH decreases).

dry gas meter

tidal volume can be measured with this tool

individual breathes into Douglas bag and volume of air they exhale is directly measured by this tool

total volume of air exhaled (mL) * number of breaths taken (breaths/min)

equation for minute volume (Vm)

metabolic rate (mL O2 consumed/minute)

the body’s rate of energy expenditure

20.95%

percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

higher; more

During physical activity, the metabolic rate of skeletal muscle tissue cells is significantly _______, requiring _______ O2 uptake and delivery.

ventilation

rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the surface of the lungs

perfusion

rate at which oxygen is delivered to body tissue cells thru the capillary walls

VO2 is equal to both ventilation and perfusion

rate of oxygen consumption (VO2)

ventilation-perfusion coupling

balance in exchange between ventilation and perfusion

respiratory rate; respiratory depth (tidal volume)

Ventilation is increased by increasing the _______ and _______.

heart rate

Perfusion is increased by increasing _______.

minute volume (Vm)

flow of air into and out of the lungs

cardiac output (CO)

flow of blood

1) VO2 = (minute volume Vm) (concentration of O2 in inhaled air - concentration of O2 in exhaled air)

2) VO2 = (cardiac output) (concentration of O2 in arterial blood - concentration of O2 in venous blood)

two different equations to find the rate of oxygen consumption

100; 60

In most resting people, arterial blood is __% saturated with oxygen, but venous blood can be as low as __% saturated.

1.34

Each gram of hemoglobin can bind with _______ mL of O2.

CO2a = average hemoglobin concentration (g Hb / 100 mL blood) * 1.34 mL of O2 / g Hb

equation for concentration of O2 in arterial blood

CO2v = 0.6 (concentration of O2 in arterial blood)

equation for concentration of O2 in venous blood

CO = (rate of O2 consumption) / (concentration of O2 in arterial blood - concentration of O2 in venous blood)

equation for cardiac output

SV = cardiac output / heart rate

SV = mL blood/beat

resting stroke volume equation

falls; increased

During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood _______ due to _______ oxygen demands by the body cells.

(pulse pressure resting) / (pulse pressure exercising) = (stroke volume resting) (stroke volume exercising)

pulse pressure equation

COe = stroke volume * heart rate

equation for cardiac output during exercise

respiratory centers in the medulla and pons

changes in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by these brain regions

7.35 - 7.45

normal blood pH

carbonic acid

When CO2 leaves the tissues and enters the blood cells, it combines with water to form _______.

bicarbonate; hydrogen ions

Carbonic acid dissociates into _______ and _______.

respiratory alkalosis

When the concentration of CO2 in the blood decreases + decrease in concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing and increase in the blood’s pH.

breaths/min

respiratory rate

hyperventilating

when an individual takes many deep breaths in a short period of time

apnea

temporary cessation in breathing

excessive loss of CO2 and increase in blood pH

hyperventilating leads to

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

respiratory disorder that affects an individual’s ability to breathe normally

irreversibly decrease an individual’s ability to force air out of the lungs

asthma

respiratory disorder that affects an individual’s ability to breathe normally

considered reversible + there are symptom-free periods following each episode