Chemistry Essentials: Ions, States, and Nomenclature (Video Notes)

Practice flashcards covering polyatomic ion naming, halogen oxyanion patterns, physical vs chemical properties, Rutherford's model, atomic definitions, matter classification, isotopic masses, states of matter, and nomenclature of ionic, molecular, acids, and bases.

What is the pattern for -ite and -ate in polyatomic ion naming?

-ite has one fewer oxygen than the corresponding -ate.

In halogen oxyanion naming, what prefixes indicate fewer or more oxygens in order?

Hypo- < -ite < -ate < per-; hypo- indicates the fewest oxygens, per- the most.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic process to investigate phenomena: form a question, develop a hypothesis, design and conduct experiments, collect data, analyze results, draw conclusions, and communicate findings.

What is a physical property vs a chemical property?

Physical property: observed without changing the substance's identity; chemical property: describes how a substance reacts or changes into other substances.

What is Rutherford's gold foil experiment and its significance?

Experiments showed most alpha particles pass through, with some deflections, leading to the nuclear model of the atom with a dense, positively charged nucleus.

Define atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass.

Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = protons + neutrons; Atomic mass = weighted average mass of an element's isotopes (in amu).

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electrons.

How is matter classified? Include subcategories.

Matter is classified as pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures. Pure substances have fixed compositions; mixtures have variable compositions and can be homogeneous (solutions) or heterogeneous.

What is the concept of weighted averages in isotope masses?

Average atomic mass is the weighted average of isotopic masses according to their natural abundances.

What are particulate representations of states of matter?

Models showing particles: solids are tightly packed with little movement; liquids flow with moderate movement; gases are far apart with rapid movement.

Name the main classifications of compounds.

Ionic compounds, molecular (covalent) compounds, acids, and bases.

How do you name ionic compounds?

Name the cation first, then the anion. For binary ionic compounds use the -ide ending on the anion; transition metals may require Roman numerals; polyatomic ions keep their names.

How do you name molecular (covalent) compounds?

Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element; first element is named with its full name; second element ends with -ide (e.g., CO2 = carbon dioxide).

How do you name binary acids and oxyacids?

Binary acids: hydro- + root + -ic + acid (e.g., HCl → hydrochloric acid). Oxyacids: -ate becomes -ic, -ite becomes -ous; append acid.

How do you name bases?

Bases are typically metal hydroxides (e.g., NaOH = sodium hydroxide); ammonia (NH3) is a common base.

What is a chemical reaction?

A process where reactants rearrange to form products with breaking and forming of chemical bonds, often accompanied by energy changes.