Psychology Final Exam Review

Flashcards designed to help review key concepts, terms, and definitions related to psychology.

Id

The primal part of the personality present at birth, driving basic needs and urges like aggression and sexuality.

Ego

The aspect of personality in Freudian theory that operates on the reality principle, controlling behavior like the superegos judgement and stopping the id's impulses realistically.

Superego

The moralistic and idealistic aspect of personality in Freudian theory that pressures individuals to conform to ideals, morals, and values from parents and culture.

compliance

Changing behavior publicly to fit in with a group while privately disagreeing.

Internalization

Absorbing a group's belief system and adopting it as one's own privately and publicly.

identification

to change your beliefs to be more like a specific person whom you look up to and respect while adopting their values and behaviors as your own.

how does conformity relate to personality

This shows us how the outer and assumed part of a person can truly be very different from the truth about them; or it could be the exact same and we can never truly understand what is ones mask and what isnt because even we ourselves dont know for sure. this is what makes personality indescribable

how does conformity relate to human nature

Its showing us that our conscious may believe one thing, but our unconscious mind, standing behind us like a person, may disagree but because of fear of rejection and need for approval we dismiss it

how does conformity relate to human thoughts and behaviours

Conformity reveals the tension between social expectations and individual beliefs, illustrating how external pressures can influence our thoughts and behaviors, potentially leading us to act against our own principles to fit in. we do whatever we can to avoid social rejection and maintain group cohesion.

what are the factors that form personality

personality is a blend of behavioral and thought patterns that are relatively stable over time, characterizing an individual's traits and attitudes. It is influenced by genetics and environment, how we were parented, and societal variables.

what is Libido and how does it relate to freuds structural model of personality

The basic driving force of personality and behavior, propelling the id, ego, and superego.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory outlining stages of personality development from birth to adulthood, including oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. he thought failing to complete these stages results in personality issues in adulthood.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Developmental stages that account for personality development throughout the lifespan and are influenced by social relationships. uses versus language

Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)

Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 2 years)

Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5 years)

Stage 4: Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years)

Stage 5: Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years)

Stage 6: Intimacy versus isolation (19 to 40 years)

Stage 7: Generativity versus stagnation (41 to 64 years)

Stage 8: Integrity versus despair (65 years to death

piagets cognitive development stages

children progress through a series of four stages that are marked by distinctive changes in how they think. And how children think about themselves, others, and the world around them plays an essential role in personality development.

Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

Stage 2: Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)

Stage 3: Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)

Stage 4: Formal operational stage (12 years and up)

kohlbergs moral development stages

focused on the growth of moral thought. Building on a two-stage process proposed by Piaget. These stages are separated by levels. that center on justice and ethical principles.

Stage 1: Obedience and punishment

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange

Stage 3: Developing good interpersonal relationships

psych final exam 3

Stage 4: Maintaining social order

Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights

Stage 6: Universal principles

Big Five Personality Traits

A model of personality outlined by five key traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

openness

Creativity and responsiveness to change

conscientiousness

level of organization and attention to detail

extraversion

level of socialness and emotional expressiveness

agreeableness

level of interest in others and cooperativeness

neuroticism

level of emotional instability and anxiety (moodiness)

Secure Attachment

A stable relationship characterized by warmth, comfort with intimacy, and constructive communication and conflict resolution.

anxious attachment

A relationship style marked by fear of abandonment, high anxiety, and a longing for closeness, often leading to clinginess and jealousy because they struggle to trust.

Avoidant Attachment

An attachment style characterized by discomfort with closeness, emotional distance, and self-reliance. they shut down during conflict

disorganized attachment

Fearful and confused about relationships. Struggles with a sense of self. Craves closeness but fears rejection. May believe mistreatment is a form of love.

Communication Style:

Inconsistent and conflicted.

May push others away even while seeking connection.

when are attachment styles formed

during childhood and center on how children and parents interacted or lacked interaction, which determines the norm for the rest of our life

Emotional Reactivity

The intensity and speed of a person's emotional response to a situation, potentially leading to difficulties in regulating emotions.

characteristics of attachment

Proximity maintenance: Degree of desire for being near partner/caregiver in normal times (those without added stress).

Safe haven: Degree of need for partner/caregiver for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.

Secure base: Degree to which partner/caregiver is seen as a base of security (from which safety is felt to explore the surrounding environment).

Separation distress: Degree of anxiety in the absence of the attachment figure.

Identity and personality connections to attachment style

Early on, attachment styles play an important role in child development and they also influence attachment patterns in adult relationships.

• this propensity to make strong emotional bonds with specific individuals was an essential part of human nature. While adult relationship attachments may not perfectly correspond with early childhood attachments, there is no question that our earliest relationships with caregivers play a significant role in development.

• By better understanding the role of attachment, you can gain a greater appreciation of how the earliest attachments in your life may impact adult relationships. a lot of time has elapsed between infancy and adulthood. All of those intervening experiences also play a significant role in shaping adults

attitude formation

a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event, also can be described as the way we evaluate something or someone.

• it is formed as a result of personal experience with people, situations, objects, and ideologies.

• For example, you may experience a social interaction in a favorable way and form a positive attitude about that person, family, or group. On the other hand, you may have an unpleasant encounter that influences an unfavorable attitude.

emotional reactivity

intensity and speed of a person’s emotional response to a situation. Someone who is emotionally reactive may experience strong feelings—like anger, sadness, or excitement—very quickly and may find it difficult to calm down once upset

Privilege

Unearned advantages experienced from being part of a dominant group whose needs have traditionally been prioritized.

Personality Disorder

A type of disorder characterized by inflexible and disruptive behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Mood Disorder

A prolonged emotional state that severely disrupts daily functioning and consistent mood.

difference between personality and mood disorders

Where mood disorders can cause temporary or fluctuating changes in mood, personality disorders cause symptoms that remain consistent over time and across a range of situations. but they can cause similar effects

causes of these disorders

a mix of both environmental and biological/genetic vulnerabilities

treatment of disorders - psychotherapy

use of psychological methods, usually when based on regular personal interaction (talk therapy), to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems

treatment of disorders - dbt

helps patient identify thoughts that make life harder and teach them different coping skills (ways to think or react). essentially, thinking about your thinking

treatment of disorders - lifestyle changes

stop street drugs, try to limit social media use, go outside often, partake in some sort of active activity.

treatment - drugs

drugs best used w psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychotherapeutic approach that challenges negative thought patterns and behaviors.

Power Threat Meaning Framework

A framework for understanding emotional distress that emphasizes life experiences and social context rather than focusing solely on mental health diagnoses.

how do scientists make ethical experiments

Respect participants autonomy

Do not cause participant's harm

Use clear language without any sort of strong connotations that could change results, ensure you are being objective

Choose subjects fairly

Informed consent

Ensure privacy

how to minimize harm in experiments

Risks minimized

The potential benefits should outweigh the risks.

If lying is used, it must be justified and followed by a thorough talk where they reveal the truth.

keep info private and store it safely

choose people fairly, dont exploit, no one at higher risk than others