AP GOV Unit 5

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.

False

Civil rights do not protect against collective discrimination

equal opportunity

the idea that all people should have the same chance to achieve success

equal results

Everyone should have the same rewards such as earn the same salary or have the same amount of property

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university may weigh race or ethnic background as one element in admission, but may not set aside places for members of particular racial groups

Adarand Constructors v. Pena

A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional.

Adarand Constructors v. Pena

What case limited affirmative action?

Gratz v. Bollinger

Race can be considered in college admissions. Point system in unconstitutional

Majority rule

Equality tends to favor this

True

Suffrage gave many groups political power

True

Civil Laws increase power of government

Civil Rights

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

14th Amendment

Adopted after civil war, forbids state from denying equal protection of law

equal protection of the laws

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.

Dreadscott v. Sanford

Slave who escaped to a free state has no rights of citizens

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

True

Public intuitions of higher learning may not segregate.

de jure

segregation by law

de facto

segregation by practice

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, outlawed discrimination in most employment, and enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation

Suffrage

the right to vote

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause, Poll Tax

What preventions were used to prevent minority from voting

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowed people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Land and rights

Native americans were deprived of what?

Indian Claims Act

Allowed natives to assert claims against U.S. govt for damages and land

Indian Bill of Rights

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 applied most of the provisions of the Constitution's Bill of Rights to tribal governments.

Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez

strengthened the tribal power of individual tribe members and furthered self-government by Indian tribes.

False

There is tax on native ground

Hernandez v. Texas

extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics

Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education

"Delays in desegregating school systems are no longer tolerable"

Korematsu v. US

Internment camps are constitutional

Coverture

A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions

divorce laws

Biased towards men

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

began the movement of women rights taken after doi

traditional model of family

Father = bread winner, mother = bread baker

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex

False

Prior to reed v reed, courts could not discriminate against gender

Reed v. Reed

The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.

Craig v. Boren

The 1976 ruling in which the Supreme Court established the "intermediate scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

Federal law that extended the statute of limitations for employees to bring discrimination suits against employers for pay discrimination; time is now measured from each paycheck and not limited to 180 days from the act of discrimination.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act

specifically outlaws discrimination on the basis of pregnancy

Women's Equity in Employment Act

required employers to justify gender discrimination in hiring and job performance

True

Supreme court voided laws barring jobs because of weight and height

sexual harassment

comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

outlaws discrimination against people older than 40 years

Direct discrimination

Government prevents

Indirect discrimination

Occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

added people with disabilities to the list of Americans protected from discrimination

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Homophobia

fear of LGBTQ+

Bowers v. Hardwick

states could ban homosexual relations

Lawrence v. Texas

overturned Bowers v. Hardwick

Oberfell v. Hodges

legalized gay marriage