Introduction to Psychology and Behavioral Perspectives

Flashcards covering the fundamentals of psychology, including its etymology, historical figures like Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud, various branches of the field, the scientific method, and psychological perspectives such as Psychodynamic and Behaviorism.

From which two Greek words does the term 'Psychology' originate?

Psyche, meaning mind and soul, and Logos, meaning study or science.

Which Greek capital letter is frequently used to represent Psychology?

The letter psi ($\Psi$).

What is the scientific definition of Psychology as per the lecture notes?

It is the science that seeks to describe, explain, measure, predict, and change the behavior of human and animals.

How is 'Overt Behavior' distinguished from 'Covert Behavior'?

Overt Behavior refers to obvious and easily seen behavior, while Covert Behavior is behavior that is not seen or not obvious.

What is 'Unaided Observation' in the study of behavior?

Observation made using only the natural human senses (the $5$ senses), also known as Naturalistic observation.

How is 'Objective Observation' defined?

Recording only what can be directly seen or measured without allowing personal opinions, emotions, or biases to influence the observation.

What does 'Introspective observation' involve?

Observing and evaluating one's own behavior.

Who is credited with founding Psychology as a scientific discipline and in what year?

Wilhelm Wundt in $1879$.

Where and when was Wilhelm Wundt born?

August $16$, $1832$, in Neckarv, Germany.

In what year did Wilhelm Wundt earn his MD?

$1856$.

When was the Psychological Association of the Philippine (PAP) founded?

$1962$.

At which two Philippine universities was Psychology likely taught as early as the $17^{th}$ centung?

University of Santo Tomas (UST) in Manila and University of San Carlos (USC) in Cebu.

Who founded the Psychology Program at Saint Louis University in Baguio City in $1967$?

Fr. Evarist Verlinden.

During which academic years was Psychology first offered at Benguet State University?

$2022-2023$.

What is the focus of Comparative Psychology?

The study of similarities and differences in the behavior and abilities of humans and animals.

How is Industrial Psychology defined?

The study of how human behavior impacts industries and organizations, and vice versa.

What is the focus of Forensic Psychology?

The study of evidences in relation to crime and the intersection of the legal system and the field of psychology.

What does the field of Psychopharmacology study?

The study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior.

What are the two important characteristics of the Scientific Method mentioned in the notes?

Being Objective (basing conclusions on facts, evidence, and observation) and Being Impersonal (conducted without personal relationships, preferences, or feelings).

What is the definition of a Hypothesis in scientific research?

An educated guess or 'intelligent guess' about the possible answer to a research question, based on observation, previous research, and existing theories.

What is the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis?

Quantitative Analysis involves numerical data, while Qualitative Analysis involves non-numerical data.

Which neurologist introduced the Psychodynamic Perspective?

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist.

According to the Psychodynamic Perspective, what three levels make up the human mind?

Conscious (thoughts/feelings we are aware of), Preconcious (information not currently in awareness but easily remembered), and Unconcious (hidden thoughts, memories, and desires).

What three components of personality did Freud identify?

Id (pleasure seeking instinct), Superego (moral conscience), and Ego (the one that finds realistic and acceptable solutions).

What is a 'Freudian Slip'?

When someone accidentally says something differently from what they intended, revealing hidden thoughts or feelings from the unconscious mind.

What is the goal of Psychoanalysis?

To become aware of unconscious thoughts and conflicts influencing behavior.

Who was the American psychologist known as the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson.

What did B.F. Skinner argue was the best way to understand human nature?

Studying responses to environmental stimuli.

What does 'S-R' stand for in Behavioral Psychology?

Stimulus-Response, where a stimulus is anything in the environment that triggers a reaction.