Chapter 3.1-3.2 Key Terms: Russia, China, Japan, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Europe

Russia

The largest country in the world, spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia.

Ivan the IV

Also known as Ivan the Terrible, he was the first Tsar of Russia.

Stroganovs

A wealthy family of merchants and landowners in Russia.

Cossacks

Fierce warriors and horsemen known for their military prowess in Russia.

Oprichnina

A policy and territory established by Ivan the IV to consolidate power.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia known for his extensive reforms and westernization efforts.

St. Petersburg

The capital city founded by Peter the Great, known for its architecture and canals.

Ming Dynasty

A major Chinese dynasty known for its trade expansion and cultural achievements.

Manchu

An ethnic group from Northeast China that founded the Qing Dynasty.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912.

Canton System

A trade system that restricted foreign trade to the port of Canton.

Civil Service Exams

Examinations used to select candidates for the state bureaucracy in China.

Tribute System

A network of trade and foreign relations in East Asia based on the exchange of tribute.

Daimyo

Feudal lords in Japan who ruled over their own domains.

Shogun

The military dictator of Japan during the period of the shogunate.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government, which ruled from 1603 to 1868.

Hostage Diplomacy

A diplomatic strategy where hostages are taken to ensure compliance.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

Constantinople/Istanbul

The capital city of the Byzantine Empire, later conquered by the Ottomans.

Safavid Empire

A significant Persian empire known for its cultural achievements and Shia Islam.

Ismail

The founder of the Safavid Empire and a key figure in the promotion of Shia Islam.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, known for his military conquests.

Shah

The title of the monarch in Iran, particularly during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties.

Devshirme

A system where Christian boys were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman Empire.

Shia Islam

A branch of Islam that holds that Muhammad's rightful successor was his cousin Ali.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

Viziers

High-ranking political advisors or ministers in the Ottoman Empire.

Tax Farming

A system where private individuals collect taxes for the state in exchange for a fee.

"Sick Man of Europe"

A term used to describe the declining Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

Mughal Empire

A prominent empire in India known for its rich culture and architecture.

Akbar

The third Mughal emperor, known for his policy of religious tolerance.

Aurangzeb

The sixth Mughal emperor, known for his expansionist policies and strict Islamic rule.

Zamindars

Landowners in the Mughal Empire who collected taxes from peasants.

Taj Mahal

A mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.

England

A country that is part of the United Kingdom, known for its historical significance.

France

A country in Western Europe known for its cultural and historical influence.

Justices of the Peace

Officials in England responsible for maintaining peace and administering justice.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God.

Parliament

The supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom.

Glorious Revolution 1688

The overthrow of King James II of England, leading to constitutional monarchy.

English Bill of Rights

An act passed in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined rights.

Absolutism

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power.

Louis XIV

The King of France known as the 'Sun King,' who epitomized absolute monarchy.

Intendants

Royal officials in France who implemented the policies of the king.

Palace of Versailles

A royal residence in France, known for its opulence and as a symbol of absolute monarchy.

Tamerlane

A Turco-Mongol conqueror known for his military campaigns in the late 14th century.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that relied on gunpowder technology for military expansion, including the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.

Timurid Empire

A Central Asian empire founded by Tamerlane, known for its cultural achievements.

Ghazi Ideal

The concept of a warrior fighting for Islam, prevalent in the Ottoman Empire.