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Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.
False
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.
False
Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children.
False
Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. This is termed rooting.
True
According to Piaget, the __________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational stage
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
A two-year-old child has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor and sees the neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?
assimilation
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?
They center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame.
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.
sex organs start to differentiate
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________.
umbilical cord
Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?
The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:
the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth.
__________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
reflexes
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by ________.
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity
Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys, and possibly humans, have a need for _______.
contact comfort
Which of the following is a feature of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
The zygote divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus.
Which of the following statements is true of the hearing capability of newborns?
They can hear well when they are born
In the context of perceptual development, which of the following is true of newborns?
They are nearsighted when they are born.
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers focused on the self-concept and self-esteem, or self-regard.
True
Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.
True
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.
False
Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development—that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.
True
Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?
The Id
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:
human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.
Denise's 4-year-old son is really becoming territorial and possessive of his mother. It has become so bad that neither his sibling nor his father can approach her. Freud would suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:
the Oedipus complex
Which of the following is true of the trait theory?
It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________.
self-actualization
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.
extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?
Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.
Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely __________.
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the __________.
Anal stage
_________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Validity
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.
True
In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) __________.
projective test
People are always telling Shannon that he has a mean-streak in him, yet he has never noticed it. According to the psychodynamic perspective, his aggression most likely lies in his ___________.
unconscious
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the __________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes __________.
self-awareness
