BANDURA - SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

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Observational learning

allows people to learn without performing any behavior

Modeling

The core of observational learning, where learning occurs by adding and subtracting from observed behavior and generalizing from one observation to another; involves cognitive processes and symbolic representation, not just mimicry or imitation.

attention, representation, behavioral production, and motivation

(4) Processes Governing Observational Learning

Attention

Before we can model another person, we must attend to that person

Representation

In order for observation to lead to new response patterns, those patterns must be retained (symbolically represented) in memory

Behavioral Production

After attending to a model and retaining what we have observed, we then produce the behavior

Motivation

After attention and representation leads to the acquisition of learning, performance is facilitated by ________ (the desire to perform the action)

Enactive Learning

learning takes place when our responses produce consequences

Triadic Reciprocal Causation

Behavior results from continuous, bidirectional interactions among personal factors (cognition, emotions), behavior, and the environment.

Chance Encounter

An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other

Fortuitous Event

An environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended.

Human Agency

means that people can and do exercise a measure of control over their lives

Intentionality

Acting on purpose, with plans and actions

forethought

Thinking ahead, setting goals, and predicting outcomes.

self-reactiveness

Monitoring progress and motivating oneself

Self-Reflectiveness

Thinking about one’s own thoughts, values, and actions

Self-Efficacy

refers to people’s belief that they are capable of performing those behaviors that can produce desired outcomes in a particular situation

a

Ordinarily, the strongest source of self-efficacy, according to Bandura, is 

a. performance. 

b. vicarious experience. 

c. verbal persuasion. 

d. physiological arousal. 

e. internal standards of conduct.

c

Erick is confident that he has the skills and abilities to be an excellent professional baseball player. However, he is uncertain whether he will be offered a job as a player. Thus, according to Bandura, he has ______ efficacy expectations and _______ outcome expectations. 

a. high; high 

b. low; high 

c. high; low 

d. low; low 

Mastery Experiences

Learning from past successes and failures

Social Modeling

Watching others succeed or fail

Social Persuasion

Being encouraged or discouraged by others

Physical and Emotional States

Feeling calm or anxious affects how capable one feels.

a

Like most people, Madison relies on other people such as the police, the fire department, and mechanics to exercise indirect control over her life. Bandura calls this situation 

a. proxy agency. 

b. external reliance. 

c. collective efficacy. 

d. personal efficacy.

Proxy Agency

Indirect control over life circumstances by relying on others with expertise or influence

b

According to Bandura, collective efficacy 

a. springs from a collective mind. 

b. stems from the personal efficacy of many people working together. 

c. is more likely than personal efficacy to help a person quit smoking. 

d. is opposed to personal efficacy in Bandura’s theory. 

Collective Efficacy

refers to the confidence that groups of people have that their combined efforts will produce social change.

Self-Regulation

The process of controlling one’s own behavior through self-observation, judgmental processes, and self-reaction

External Factors

Standards and rewards from outside also affect self-regulation

Self-Observation

Watching and monitoring one’s own actions

Judgmental Processes

Comparing actions to personal or external standards

Self-Reaction

Rewarding or punishing oneself based on performance

c

Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissatisfied with his latest work, judging several pictures as substandard according to his own criteria. Bandura would say that Harrison will probably 

a. learn to live with substandard performance. 

b. reward himself for substandard performance. 

c. withhold reward for substandard performance. 

d. become psychologically disturbed. 

Moral Agency

Self-regulation guided by moral standards, including avoiding harm and proactively helping others

Selective Activation

Moral standards are not automatic but must be activated

Disengagement techniques

allow people, individually or working in concert with others, to engage in inhumane behaviors while retaining their moral standards

d

In Bandura’s disengagement technique of displacement of responsibility, the consequences of one’s actions are minimized by 

a. creating moral justifications for others’ behavior. 

b. euphemistically labeling one’s actions as harmless and beneficial. 

c. dehumanizing the victims of one’s actions. 

d. placing responsibility on an outside source.

Redefining Behavior

justify otherwise reprehensible actions by a cognitive restructuring that allows them to minimize or escape responsibility

a

A government official who sanctions spying on and brutal physical harassment of legitimate, nonviolent demonstrators because “they are a threat to national security” is using Bandura’s disengagement technique of 

a. moral justification. 

b. palliative comparison.

c. rationalization. 

d. personal attribution.

moral justification

way of redefining behavior where otherwise culpable behavior is made to seem defensible or even noble

advantageous or palliative comparisons

way of redefining behavior where comparing your actions to worse ones to make them seem less bad.

euphemistic labels

way of redefining behavior that uses mild or sanitized language for harmful acts

Distort or Disregard Consequences

Minimizing, ignoring, or misrepresenting the harm your actions cause

Minimizing Consequences

Downplaying harm

Ignoring Consequences

Not seeing or acknowledging the harm.

Distorting Consequences

Misrepresenting the effects of your actions.

Dehumanizing

Seeing victims as less than human

Blame the Victim

Blaming victims for what happens to them

Displacement

people minimize the consequences of their actions by placing responsibility on an outside source

diffuse responsibility

spread responsibility so thin that no one person is responsible

c

The bureaucrat who answers criticism by responding “That’s the way things are done around here” is using Bandura’s disengagement technique of 

a. palliative comparison. 

b. displacement of responsibility. 

c. diffusing responsibility. 

d. euphemistic labeling. 

e. moral justification. 

Dysfunctional Behavior

_______ behaviors, such as depression, phobias, and aggression, are acquired through the reciprocal interaction of environment, personal factors, and behavior.

Depression

High personal standards and goals can lead to achievement and self-satisfaction. However, when people set their goals too high, they are likely to fail. Failure frequently leads to _____

Phobias

fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severe debilitating effects on one’s daily life

Social Cognitive Therapy

A therapeutic approach where deviant behaviors are understood as initiated and maintained by social cognitive learning principles

self-regulation

Ultimate goal of Social Cognitive Therapy achieved by inducing, generalizing, and maintaining behavioral changes

Inducing Change

The first step in successful therapy, involving the introduction of strategies to bring about specific behavioral changes, such as extinguishing fear of heights in an acrophobic person.

Generalization

A more important level of therapy, where specific behavioral changes are extended to other, similar situations, for example, an acrophobic person being able to ride in airplanes or look out windows of tall buildings after overcoming fear of climbing a ladder.

Maintenance

The most effective level of therapy, where newly acquired functional behaviors are maintained over time and relapse into maladaptive habits is prevented.

Overt/Vicarious Modeling

A treatment approach where people who observe live or filmed models performing threatening activities often feel less fear and anxiety and are then able to perform those same activities

Covert/Cognitive Modeling

A treatment mode where the therapist trains patients to visualize models performing fearsome behaviors

Enactive Mastery

A therapeutic technique involving the extinction of anxiety or fear through self-induced or therapist-induced relaxation, where patients and therapists place fearsome situations on a hierarchy and gradually work through them while relaxed (systematic desensitization)

Cognitive Mediation

The common mechanism where people use cognition to increase self-efficacy and become convinced they can perform difficult tasks, enabling them to cope with previously intimidating situations

triadic reciprocal causation

the ______ model is a comprehensive concept that offers a viable explanation for the acquisition of most observable behaviors