Fluid- Ms. Sue

Flashcards on Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances, designed in a fill-in-the-blank style.

The _ compartment (ICF) refers to fluid inside the cells.

Fluid inside the cells

The _ compartment (ECF) includes fluids like _.

Intravascular fluid (IVF), interstitial fluid (ISF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and various secretions

Fluid intake involves _.

Ingestion of solid food or fluids

Fluid loss includes _.

Urine, feces, perspiration, and exhaled air

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and T-type natriuretic peptide are _.

Synthesized by myocardial cells, regulation of fluid, sodium, and potassium levels

Water moves between compartments via _.

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by _.

Higher blood pressure or increased blood volume

Loss of plasma proteins, , results in .

Particularly albumin, results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure

Obstruction of lymphatic circulation leads to _ due to _.

Excessive fluid and protein not returned to general circulation, causes localized edema

Increased capillary permeability usually _ and may result from _.

Results from an inflammatory response or infection, increases capillary permeability

With edema, the local area of swelling may be _.

Pale or red in color

Pitting edema indicates _ and _.

Presence of excess interstitial fluid, moves aside when pressure is applied

Functional impairment due to edema _.

Restricts range of joint movement, reduces vital capacity, impairs diastole

Pain from edema is due to , causing .

Edema exerts pressure on nerves locally, headache with cerebral edema

Water loss in dehydration _.

May be accompanied by loss of electrolytes and proteins

Causes of dehydration include _.

Vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, insufficient water intake

Effects of dehydration include _.

Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, lower blood pressure, increased hematocrit

The body compensates for fluid loss by _.

Increasing thirst, increasing heart rate, constricting cutaneous blood vessels, producing less urine

Third-spacing of fluid is caused by _.

High osmotic pressure of ISF, increased capillary permeability

Major intracellular and extracellular cations include _.

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

Sodium is _.

Ingested in food and beverages

Low sodium levels cause _.

Fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting

Decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartment in hyponatremia leads to _.

Fluid shift into cells, hypovolemia, decreased blood pressure, cerebral edema

Causes of hypernatremia include _.

Insufficient ADH, loss of the thirst mechanism, watery diarrhea, prolonged rapid respiration

Effects of hypernatremia include _.

Weakness, agitation, dry mucous membranes, increased thirst, increased blood pressure

Potassium is _.

Ingested in foods, excreted primarily in urine, insulin promotes movement into cells

Causes of hypokalemia include _.

Excessive losses caused by diarrhea, diuresis, excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids, decreased dietary intake, treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin

Effects of hypokalemia include _.

Cardiac dysrhythmias, interference with neuromuscular function, decreased digestive tract motility

Causes of hyperkalemia include _.

Renal failure, deficit of aldosterone, potassium-sparing diuretics, extensive tissue damage, severe acidosis

Effects of hyperkalemia include _.

Cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, paralysis, fatigue, nausea, paresthesias

Calcium is _.

Stored in bone

Calcium is essestial for the _.

Maintenance of the stability of nerve membranes and required for muscle contractions

Functions of calcium include _.

Provides structural strength for bones and teeth, necessary for metabolic processes and enzyme reactions, essential for blood clotting

Causes of hypocalcemia include _.

Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin, increased serum pH, renal failure

Effects of hypocalcemia include _.

Increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve membranes, tetany, weak heart contractions

Causes of hypercalcemia include _.

Uncontrolled release from bones, hyperparathyroidism, demineralization caused by immobility, increased calcium intake

Effects of hypercalcemia include _.

Depressed neuromuscular activity, interference with ADH function, increased strength in cardiac contractions

Hypermagnesemia _.

Occurs with renal failure, depresses neuromuscular function, causes decreased reflexes

Hypophosphatemia can be caused by _.

Excessive antacids

Hyperphosphatemia results _.

From renal failure

Chloride levels are related to _.

Chloride levels related to sodium levels

Hypochloremia is _.

Usually associated with alkalosis, early stages of vomiting

Hyperchloremia is caused by _.

Excessive sodium chloride intake

Serum pH is controlled by _.

Buffer pairs in the blood, respiratory system, kidneys

The sodium bicarbonate–carbonic acid system is the _.

Major ECF buffer, controlled by the respiratory system and kidneys

Respiratory acidosis results from _.

Increase in carbon dioxide levels

Metabolic acidosis involves _.

Decrease in bicarbonate ions

Respiratory alkalosis involves _.

Decrease in carbon dioxide levels

Metabolic alkalosis involves _.

Loss of hydrogen ions through kidneys/GI tract

Compensation mechanisms for pH imbalance include _.

Buffers, change in respiration, change in renal function

Acidosis is characterized by _.

Excess hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH

Alkalosis is characterized by _.

Deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH

In respiratory acidosis, compensation involves _.

Kidneys excrete more hydrogen ion and reabsorb more bicarbonate

Causes of respiratory acidosis include _.

Slow shallow respirations, drug overdose

In metabolic acidosis, compensation involves _.

Rapid, deep respirations and kidneys excrete more acid and increase bicarbonate absorption

Causes of metabolic acidosis include _.

Diarrhea, renal disease or failure

Effects of acidosis include _.

Headache, lethargy, weakness, confusion, coma and death

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by _.

Hyperventilation

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by _.

Loss of hydrochloric acid from stomach and hypokalemia

Effects of alkalosis include _.

Restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling and numbness of the fingers