Exam 1 Sarah's Lessons

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Infant

trust vs. mistrust

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Toddler

autonomy vs. shame & doubt

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Preschool

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: School-age

industry vs inferiority

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Adolescent

identity vs role confusion

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Young Adult

intimacy vs isolation

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Middle Adult

generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Older Adult

integrity vs. despair

Freud (Psychosexual) Stages

1. oral

2. anal

3. latency

4. genital

Piaget (Cognitive) Stages

1. sensorimotor

2. preoperational

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

Kohlberg (Moral) Stages

1. preconventional

2. conventional

3. postconventional

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: Infant

rolls, sits, crawls, first words

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: Toddler

walking, toilet training, rapid language growth

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: Preschool

imagination, social play, motor coordination

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: School-age

logical thinking, peer relationships, skill mastery

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: Adolescent

puberty, abstract thinking, identity

Anticipated Developmental Milestones: Adult

career/family development, life reflection

How do developmental milestones impact nursing care?

anticipate needs (safety, communication style, parental education)

What is failure to thrive?

poor growth, weight below 5th percentile, developmental delays

causes: Organic (disease, congenital), Nonorganic (environment, psychosocial)

How can a nurse promote responsible sexual behavior?

1. Education: STI’s, consent, safe sex practices

2. Counseling: risk reduction, contraception options

3. Interventions: condom distribution, HPV vaccine, STI screening

Injury & accident prevention

• Infant/Toddler: safe sleep, car seats, poison prevention

• School-age: helmets, seatbelts, water safety

• Adolescents: substance use, driving safety, peer pressure

• Older Adults: fall prevention, medication safety, elder abuse awareness

What are signs of child abuse/neglect?

inconsistent stories, delayed care, poor hygiene

Barrier methods & reliability

condoms, diaphragms

• STI protection

• user-dependent

Hormonal methods & reliability

pill, patch, injection, implant

• highly effective

• no STI protection

IUD’s & reliability

hormonal & copper

• long-term, highly effective

• no STI protection

Permanent & reliability

tubal ligation, vasectomy

• most effective

• no STI protection

natural methods & reliabilty

fertility awareness, withdrawal

• least effective

What is the nursing role when providing contraceptive education?

provide unbiased education, assess preferences/contraindications, promote informed decision making

Immunizations across the lifespan: infants

MMR, DTaP, IPV, Hib, Hep B, Varicella

Immunizations across the lifespan: adolescents

HPV, meningococcal, Tdap booster

Immunizations across the lifespan: adults

annual flu, Tdap q10 yrs, covid-19 boosters

Immunizations across the lifespan: older adults

shingles, pneumococcal

What are contraindications for immunizations?

severe allergic reaction, immunosuppression (live vaccines), pregnancy

Primary prevention

vaccines, lifestyle changes

Secondary prevention

screenings (mammogram, BP, cholesterol)

Tertiary prevention

rehab, chronic disease management

What is the pathophysiology of impaired nutrition?

malabsorption, metabolic disorders, chronic illness effects

Nutrition assessment findings

• normal: steady growth, appropriate height/weight

• abnormal: weight loss, delayed milestones, fatigue, skin/hair changes

What are nursing interventions for nutrition?

• dietary modifications

• enteral/parenteral nutrition

• pharmacologic (appetite stimulants, supplements)

• dietitians & speech therapists

physiologic changes & nutrition

• infants: breastmilk/formula, iron by 6 months

• adolescents: increased calorie/protein needs

• pregnancy: folic acid, iron, calcium

• older adults: decreased metabolism, risk for dehydration, vitamin D & B12 deficiency

Albumin, prealbumin lab finding

protein status

Hemoglobin/hematocrit lab findings

anemia

What is celiac disease?

gluten intolerance → malabsorption, diarrhea, abdominal pain