DNA, Histones, Replication, Mutation

Flashcards about DNA, histones related information

Histone

A protein that DNA wraps itself around to form a nucleosome.

Nucleosome

The combination of DNA wrapped around a histone.

Histone Octamer

The structure formed when DNA wraps around a histone octamer.

Histone H1

A histone that is not part of the octamer and functions to peg DNA onto the nucleosome.

Lysine and Arginine

Two amino acids that give histone its positive charge.

Mitochondria

An organelle that contains its own circular DNA.

Heterochromatin

Densely packed regions of DNA that are transcriptionally inactive.

Euchromatin

Loosely packed regions of DNA that are transcriptionally active.

Methylation

The process of adding a methyl group to DNA, typically leading to transcriptional inactivation.

Acetylation

The process of adding an acetyl group to DNA, typically leading to transcriptional activation.

Histone Deacetylation

The removal of an acetyl group, leading to reduced transcription.

Nucleoside

A nucleoside composed of a base and a sugar.

Nucleotide

A nucleotide composed of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Purine

A category of nitrogenous bases including Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

Pyrimidine

A category of nitrogenous bases including Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), and Thymine (T).

Thymine

A pyrimidine base containing a methyl group.

Deamination

The process of removing an amino group.

Uracil

The base cytosine becomes this after deamination

Uracil

A base typically found in RNA, not DNA.

Hydrogen bond

The type of bond that connects base pairs.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2

An enzyme involved in pyrimidine base production, inhibited by hydroxyurea.

Orotic acid

A molecule whose accumulation is associated with megaloblastic anemia that does not respond to B12 or folic acid.

UMP synthase

An enzyme deficiency that can lead to orotic acid accumulation.

Hydroxyurea

A drug used to raise HbF levels in sickle cell patients; inhibits ribonucleotide reductase.

Ribonucleotide reductase

An enzyme that produces deoxy forms of nucleotides.

Thymidylate synthase

An enzyme important for forming thymidine; inhibited by 5-fluorouracil.

Dihydrofolate reductase

Enzyme inhibited by methotrexate.

6-Mercaptopurine

A drug that is either activated or inactivated by HGPRT

HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)

An enzyme that converts 6-Mercaptopurine to its active form.

Allopurinol

A drug that inhibits xanthine oxidase, leading to increased adverse effects of 6-Mercaptopurine. (xanthine oxidase inhibitor)

SCID and Lechner Syndrome

Two disorders/deficiencies you are expecting them to test.

Gout

A disease of elevated uric acid and is caused by a purine salvage deficiency.

Lechner Syndrome

PRPP amidotransferase activity, which increases with purine synthesis in the general system, is seen with this disease.

Adenosine deaminase

An enzyme low in patients with SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency).

dATP

The accumulation of is found to be elevated in patients with Adenosine Deaminase

Allopurinol and Febuxostat

Two drug that lower uric acid prouction.

Rasburicase

A drug that facilitates uric acid excretions.

Unambiguous

The term describing that each codon codes for one amino acid.

Degenerate or Redundant

Term describing that most amino acids are coded by multiple codons.

Wobble Hypothesis

States that only the first two nucleotides are vital.

Mitochondria

Genetic code is this one and has few acceptance, but its main test is Circular DNA

AUG

Always calls codes for methionine.

Five Prime

Most of the direct churn you are going to be making reference to the the exam.

DNA

We have template code with the and a lot it. The synthesis is the for all of them and is five prime.

Eukaryotic

Fuction that the the replication is beginning .

Helease

Are just on shipping , but the DNA and Template.

Sindle Stranding Binding Projecting

This protein Binds the DNA on prevent them form being graded.

Isomerase

Women Ask the to this a.

Topoisomerase

Has code in the both trend, ecto both side, ecto side.

Prokariotic

The drug is fluid on DNA gyrase.

DNA polymerase 3

Are Major enzyme that everyone has been waiting for from generation to generation.

DNA Prime

This enzymes do need an RNA to work good.

DNA polymerase

The enzyme that shop of all RNA Primer.

DNA Ligase

This enzymes need to do a lot thing and gapping.

Telomeres

Add the DNA and what it has and is that it will be.

Epithelial Lining

It has Telomeres and the main and are

Tasiasa

When your body will be Non end joining with you the .

Recombination

The females have this where they have breast and over.

Photsoitivity

It has endonuclease and

Gell Plaas

Glycoside and beta will were but what ever happened it will be.

Hereditary

Non poly poses

Frame Shift

The test is

From Shape

Has Single nucliatide that there's the number there is .

Slice Mutation

This mutation is the third and you just there.