Machine Shop Theory Lab - Machine Tool History and Lathe Machines

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the history, types, components, and technical specifications of machine tools and center lathes based on the MFE - 207L course notes.

What is the definition of Machine Tools according to the lecture notes?

Any stationary power-driven machines that shape or perform parts made of metal or other materials.

What was the first machine tool used in woodworking around $1200BC$?

The Bow Lathe and Bow Drill, which derived its name from the spring branch of a ‘Lath Tree’.

What contribution did John Wilkinson of England make in $1774$?

He built a precision machine for boring engine cylinders called a Boring Mill.

Who is considered the father of the modern engine lathe and what did he build in $1797$?

Henry Maudslay; he designed and built a screw cutting engine lathe machine.

How did Henry Maudslay control the ratio of the lead screw speed to the spindle speed in his early 18th-century lathe?

He equipped it with $28$ change gears that cut threads of various pitches.

Who invented the first plain milling machine in $1818$ and where was it used?

Eli Whitney; it was produced in the US and used by Simeon North to manufacture firearms.

What machine was built by JR Brown of the US in $1862$ and what was its specific use?

The first fully Universal Milling Machine; it was used to cut helical flutes in twist drills.

What did F.W Fellows design in $1896$?

A gear shaper that could cut almost any type of gear.

What advancement in lathe technology allowed for the grinding of automobile crankshafts in the 19th century?

A grinding machine attachment illustrated by C.H Norton of Massachusetts.

What technological introduction in the mid-$1970$s led to the development of CNC Milling Machines?

The introduction of Microchips and the use of on-board Computers on individual machines.

What is another name for the Center Lathe Machine?

Engine Lathe Machine.

What distinguishes a Turret Lathe from a center lathe?

The tailstock is replaced by a revolving hexagonal turret where multiple cutting tools like drills, reamers, and taps can be set up.

In determining lathe size, what do the variables A, B, C, and D represent?

A – Length of the Bed; B – Distance Between Center; C – Diameter of the work can be machined over ways (Swing); D – Diameter of the work can be machined over ways cross slide.

How would you express the size of a modern center lathe with a $13in$ swing and a $6ft$ bed?

$13in × 6ft$ ($325mm × 1800mm$).

What are the four major parts of a Lathe Machine?

Head Stock, Carriage, Bed, and Tail Stock.

Why are lathe beds often made of cast iron?

To absorb vibration and maintain stability.

What is the function of the Tail Stock?

To support long pieces of work and hold tools for operations such as drilling, reaming, and tapping; it can also be offset for taper turning.

In the Head Stock components, what is the difference between the Feed Rod and the Lead Screw?

The Feed Rod transmits power for power feed operations, while the Lead Screw transmits power specifically for thread cutting operations.

Which carriage component is used for cutting chamfers and tapering because it can be swiveled to any angle?

The Compound Rest.

What specific lathe control is used only for threading operations to engage the carriage directly to the lead screw?

The Half Nut Lever.

Define the Z and Y axes in the context of a lathe's motion.

The Z axis is the longitudinal movement, and the Y axis is the horizontal or cross slide movement.

What are Bed Ways and why are they "V" shaped?

They are linear components providing a path for the carriage and tailstock; the "V" shape maintains precise alignment of the head stock and tail stock.

What is the purpose of the Thread Chasing Dial?

It acts as a tracking device to tell the operator when to engage the half nut lever so the tool follows the same groove during threading.

What is the function of the Quill in the Tail Stock assembly?

It is a movable spindle that extends toward the headstock, often graduated for precise depth adjustments during machining.