HBO perceptions

The process of combining integrating and interpreting information about others

Social perception

The process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes behind others behavior

Attribution

The characteristics that define a particular individual

Personal identity

Who a person is defined in terms of his or her membership in social groups

Social identity

A conceptualization recognizing that the way we perceive others and ourselves is based on both unique and membership characteristics

Social Identity theory

The tendency for people to identify themselves with the successes of others

Basking in reflected glory

The tendency for people to avoid making failure part of their identities

Cutting off reflected failures

Judgements about people’s dispositions their traits and characteristics

Correspondent inferences

Explanations based on actions for which the individual is responsible

Internal causes of behavior

Explanations based on situations over which the individual has no control

External causes of behavior

The approach suggesting that people will believe other actions to be caused by internal or external factors based on three types of information

Kelley’s theory of causal attribution

The extent to which other people behave in the same manner

Consensus

The extent to which the person we’re judging acts the same way at other times

Consistency

The extent to which a person behaves in the same manner in other contexts

Distinctiveness

Predispositions that people have to misperceive others in various ways

Perceptual biases

The tendency to attribute others actions to internal causes

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency for our overall impressions of others to affect objective evaluations of their specific traits

Halo effect

The tendency for people to credit teams for their successes but not to hold them accountable

Team halo effect

The tendency for people to perceive in a positive light others who are believed to be similar to themselves

Similar-to-me effect

The tendency to focus on some aspects of the environment while ignoring others

Selective perception

The tendency to base our judgements on our initial impressions

First-impression error

The tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that person to behave consistent w those expectations

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A positive instance of the self fulfilling prophecy, high expectations improving another’s performance

Pygmalion effect

A negative instance of the self fulfilling prophecy, people holding low expectations tend to lower that person’s performance

Golem Effect

A belief that all members of specific groups share similar traits and are prone to behave indentically

Stereotype

An uncomfortable feeling that people have when they risk fulfilling a negative stereotype associated w a group they belong

Stereotype threat

Efforts by individuals to improve how they appear to others

Impression management

The process of evaluating employees on various work related dimensions

Performance appraisal

A relatively permanent change in behavior occurring as a result of experience

Learning

The form of learning in which people associate the consequences w the actions

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

The tendency for behaviors leading to desirable consequences to be strengthened and the opposite

Law of effect