PSYC 1F90: Midterm Exam

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120 Terms

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psychology

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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descriptive methods

examination of individual variables

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variables

what psychologists measure to assess behaviours and mental processes

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sensations

information in the physical world is detected by sensory organs

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attention

incoming sensory information is reduced to an amount that can be interpreted by the brain

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perception

sensory information is interpreted in the brain

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challenges

information processing tendencies that create bias or error in attention and perception

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naive realism

tendency to believe that we must perceive the world objectively and that people who disagree with us are wrong, ill- intentioned, and/ or stupid; reflects variation in sensation and perception

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the elephant

- experimental processing
- fast thinking
- automatic and quick
- cannot be turned off
- creates perceptions, impressions, intentions

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the rider

- effortful processing
- thinking slow
- use for activities that are 'hard work'
- related to feelings of choice, concentration, agency
- form belifs, manage uncertainty, make choices

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confirmation bias

tendency to look for and interpret new information in a way that is consistent with our beliefs/ disregard information that is inconsistent with those beliefs

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transducers

translates various forms of energy found in the environment into energy understood by the brain

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stimuli

a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue

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selective attention

sensory input that is sent to the brain is excluded from processing

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inattention blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

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descriptive research

observing research with one variable at a time

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descriptive study

examine individual variable
report a number, percentage, range, or average

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perceptual experience

on- going and continuous nature of perception and sensory experiences

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perceptual rules

shape consistency
brightness consistency
the elephant corrects

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experience

similar 'perceptual rule' to interpret stimuli and consequently have similar perceptual experiences (low variation)

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transduction

human transducers often work in the same way for most people; similar perceptual experience (low variation)

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top- down processing

past experiences and content allow for very quick perception
relies on the elephant

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bottom- up processing

no experience of context related to the stimuli
focus on its individual part and try to construct something
relies on the rider

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perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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multimodal integration

brain doesn't deal with information coming from one sense at a time
combines information from all senses
driven by elephant

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extraneous variable

factors, aside from the independent variable, that also impact the dependent variable

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dependent variable

measured after the independent variable is manipulated

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independent variable

controlled by researcher; manipulated

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second variable

demonstrate the effect of change in the independent variable

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first variable

cause a change in second variable; independent variable

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true experiment

examine cause and effect relationships
allow for us to make claims that changes one variable are responsible for changing another variable

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correlational studies

- two or more variables measured as they occur naturally
- variables are not manipulated by researchers
- no groups are compared

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case study

close examination of a small number of people to learn about a phenomenon

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quasi-experiment

two or more groups of people that differ on IV
cannot be randomly assigned (for practical or ethical reasons)
EV not always controlled
compared groups on the DV

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correlation coefficient

number used to capture both strength and direction of the relationship

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non- experimental methods

examining relationships or associations between two or more variables
cannot make cause/ effect claims

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episodic explicit memory

autobiographical memory
memories connected to a specific time and or place

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semantic explicit memory

memory for facts and concepts
not often associated to time or place

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explicit long term memory

easy to verbalize
what people usually think of when they think 'memory'

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implicit long term memory

hard to verbalize
procedural knowledge
learned association (classical, operant, conditioning)

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priming

activating specific information in memory increases the likelihood that related information will also be activated

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long- term memory

very large capacity
very long duration
not conscious

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working (short term) memory

very small capacity
manipulating information
draws information from sensory memory and long term
brief duration
all conscious thoughts and cognitive learning occurs here
+7/ -2 bits of information

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sensory memory

large capacity
not conscious
ionic (visual): 50ms
echoic (auditory): 8-10 s

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misinformation condition

the incorrect side of the experiment
ex. did another car pass the red car at the yield sign

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control condition

there to create a controlled experiment
ex. did another car pass the red car at the stop sign

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intrusion error

a 'hole' in our memory is filled with whats typically true based on our schema for a similar experience
might be incorrect

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schemas

organized ideas about something
guide what we expect based on past experiences

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reintegration

process by which we try to create a complete memory from the parts that make it up

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spreading activation

lights up other nodes that were associated with this memory

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loci

a physical site or location within a genome

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working memory capacity

+7/ -2 bits of information
small capacity

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memory processes (MMM)

more information between memory systems (arrows)

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memory systems (MMM)

types of memory (boxes)

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theory of mind

the cognitive ability to understand that other people are different than you

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cognitive egocentrism

fail to recognize other people have other thoughts or feeling

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physical egocentrism

cannot consider what the physical world looks like to others

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assimilation

adapting existing concepts and schemas when confronted with new information

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cognition

thinking, how perceptions are interrupted in relation to whats in our memory

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conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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neural stimulus

stimulus that doesn't produce a specific response, but causes a person to focus their attention

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inborne responses

automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus

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unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

based on an inborne response; automatic reaction

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permanent

the behaviour/ knowledge must be stored in LTM

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learning

relatively permanent changes in behaviour including skills and knowledge

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optimistic bias

we evaluate ourselves more favourably than others evaluate us

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meta- cognition

ability to evaluate your thought processes, understanding skill level, and performance

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cognitive learning

active style of learning that focuses on helping you learn how to maximize your brains potentional

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central nervous system

includes the brain and spinal cord receives sensory information, makes decisions, and command muscles, organs, and glands to act

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transporters

involves the re-uptake process
uptake neurotransmitters from the synapse and change it to the neuron that released it

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inhibitory neurotransmitters

less likely the neuron will fire and make an action potential
ex. serotonin, GABA

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excitatory neurotransmitters

increases the likelihood that the neuron fires
ex. dopamine

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receptors

- located on the dendrites of the post synaptic neurons
- neurotransmitters bind to these sites affecting the level of excitation and whether the post synaptic neurons fire

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synaptic vesicles

- chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) are stored here
- release neurotransmitters into synapse when action potential reaches the axon terminal

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synaptic gap

gap between the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic (sending) neuron and the dendrites of the post-synaptic (receiving)

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post synaptic

receiving signals neuron

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pre synaptic axon terminal

sends the synaptic signal

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threshold of excitation

level that must occur for the action potential to occur

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sodium and potassium

positive electrical charge

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ion

molecules with a positive or negative electrical charge

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amygdala

shares the information with the brain stem
key part of limbic system
provides emotional context, influences emotional responses

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fusiform face area

aids in facial recognition
shares with other areas of the brain to guide context

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neurons

cells in nervous system that are specialized to receive processes and transmit information with electrical and chemical signals

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brain structure

CT scans and MRI scans are examples of neuroimaging techniques that measure brain structure

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brain function

measuring brain levels; fMRI and PET scans measure brain function, to reveal activity levels in different parts of the brain

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three divisions of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain (cerebral cortex, subcortical structures)

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hindbrain

oldest part of your brain, controls information out of spinal cord

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medulla

part of the hindbrain
automatically does vital life functions (breathing, heart rate, digestion)

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reticular formation

part of the hindbrain
arousal levels, consciousness, and attention
connected with pain signals

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cerebellum

part of the hindbrain
coordinating movement and fine motor skills
procedural memory

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pons

part of the hindbrain
connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain
brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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midbrain

connects the hindbrain to the forebrain
integrates sensory information and relays it upward

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brainstem

pons, medulla, and hindbrain make the brainstem
all communication from the cerebral cortex goes through the brainstem

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subcortical forebrain

subcortical structures that sit between the cortex and brain stem

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thalamus

part of the subcortical forebrain
relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
filters and prioritizes information

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basal ganglia

part of the subcortical forebrain
directs intentional movement

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hypothalamus

controls hormones by directing the pituitary gland in the Endocrine system
regulates bodily functions, motives, and behaviour to ensure survival

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hippocampus

creates long term memories stored in cerebral cortex

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limbic system

subcortical structures grouped together
contributes to emotions and memories