Advanced Biology Chapter 13

Use to study, look in notes for essential questions

Selective breeding

 the process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations

Hybridization

crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific traits (known as hybrids)

Inbreeding

process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and eliminate undesired traits in future generations

Exogenous DNA

DNA from another organism

Genome

the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell

Restriction enzymes

proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence

Test cross

involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait

Genetic Engineering

involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA

Exogenous DNA

DNA from another organism

Gel electrophoresis

process in which an electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to size

Restriction enzymes

proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence

Recombinant DNA

the newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources

Plasmid

small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells

DNA ligase

an enzyme that joins the two DNA fragments chemically

Transformation

process in which some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA

Cloning

process in which large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced

Polymerase chain reaction

technique used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment

Biotechnology

the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems

Transgenic organisms

organisms which are genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism

**DNA fingerprinting**

process of separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis to see specific band patterns unique to each individual

**Bioinformatics**

involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information

**DNA microarrays**

tiny microscopic slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments

**Identifying Genes**

Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence of open reading frames (ORFs)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered

HapMap Project

creation of a catalog of common genetic variations that occur in humans

Haplotypes

regions of linked variations in the human genome

Pharmacogenomics

study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs

Gene therapy

technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases

Genomics

study of an organism’s genome

Proteomics

large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body