Food Science Spring Final Exam Review 2024

Flashcards generated from Food Science Spring Final Exam Review 2024 lecture notes.

Which hormone helps regulate blood glucose level?

Insulin

Define a monosaccharide and give examples.

A sugar that consists of one type of molecule. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Which type of sugar are all other saccharides broken into in the body?

Glucose

What happens to the starch molecule during gelatinization?

Water is absorbed when the starch solution is heated and thickens.

How might a nutritionist refer to starch?

Complex carbohydrate

Define crystallization.

When water evaporates from a supersaturated solution the sugar molecules crystallize.

Which sugar is difficult for a diabetic's body to process?

Glucose

What causes a supersaturated solution?

When water evaporates from a heated sugar solution and the solution contains more solute than it normally could absorb.

What determines whether a sugar is simple or complex?

The arrangement of atoms in the molecule

What crystal size is favorable in candy making?

Small crystals, produced from interfering agents and ripening candy

What is the importance of fiber in the human diet and in the structure of a plant?

Aids in digestion, prevention of disease, and is the woody portion of the plant. Linear strands of carbs.

Which process do all carbohydrates originate and gain energy from?

Photosynthesis

Why are complex carbohydrates a preferred food?

They provide lasting energy

What is the main difference between sugars and starches?

The length/structure of the molecule

What are hydroxyl groups?

Part of every carb, denoted as –OH, composed of one atom of oxygen and hydrogen

What is hydrolysis?

The breakdown of molecules by the addition of water

What are the building blocks of all carbohydrates?

Glucose

What process thickens a starch solution as it is heated?

Gelatinization

What controls the movement of food in the digestive tract?

Valves and peristalsis

What happens to the body when you deprive it of calories?

Slows metabolism, unbalanced blood pH, catabolism of body protein, weakened immune system

What is required for the metabolic process to take place?

Chemical balance, oxygen, temperature, waste products

Why would one want to calculate their BMR?

Estimate calorie needs, estimate calorie needs for voluntary activities and to safely gain or lose weight

What supplies your body’s energy needs when you sleep, and is the minimum amount of energy required to maintain vital functions?

Basal metabolism

Define anabolism.

Building of nutrients to create cells

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Chemically break down food, mechanically break down food and absorb nutrients

What is the muscular contraction that breaks down food called?

Peristalsis

What feature in the small intestines absorbs nutrients?

Villi

Where does waste material collect?

Large intestine

What fluid is secreted in the mouth that aids in digestion?

Saliva

Identify the steps in making cheese (or yogurt).

Inoculation, incubation, ripening

What is the purpose of processing milk?

Fortification (adding nutrients) and pasteurization (heating to kill microorganisms)

How does milk coagulate?

Adding an acid, casein separates from liquid whey

What type of mixture is milk considered to be?

Homogeneous, emulsion, colloidal dispersion, solution

What is the main sugar found in milk?

Lactose

What is the main difference between various milk products (milk, cream, 1/2 & 1/2 etc.)?

Fat

What is a cultured milk product?

One that has bacterial cultures added to it to produce distinct flavors

Why does food contain additives?

Improve flavor, shelf life, or nutrition

What are the main concerns about food additives?

Don’t know the long term effect

What is the primary protein in milk?

Casein, liquid- whey

What gas do chemical leavening agents produce to lighten baked goods?

Carbon dioxide

What process does yeast begin to leaven baked products?

Fermentation

What protein in flour provides structure to baked goods?

Gluten

What is fermentation the result of?

Cellular respiration

Fermentation requires the _ of a food to decrease.

pH

What are the functions of lipids in the diet?

Cushion organs, maintain temperature, transport vitamins

What is the main physical indicator between unsaturated and saturated fats?

Unsaturated fats contain double bonds in the carbon chain, saturated are all single bonds

What is denaturation? How does it relate to coagulation?

Denaturing is unfolding of the protein; it precedes coagulation or clumping of the protein

What is a leading contributor toward atherosclerosis?

Cholesterol

How can you distinguish one fatty acid from another?

The length of the carbon chain

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

Linoleic and linolenic

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

Saturated is solid at room temp, unsaturated is liquid

Give examples of an emulsion. What is the most common emulsifier in home cooking?

Butter, milk, mayo- fat dispersed in a nonpolar mixture. Most common is egg yolk b/c of phospholipid lecithin

Which fat is most common in the human diet?

Triglyceride

What are the components of a fatty acid?

Carbon chain, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and fatty acid

Which body tissue stores an unlimited amount of fat?

Adipose

Why is it beneficial for one to eat a complete protein versus an incomplete protein?

Attain all 9 essential amino acids in one food source.

What functions of protein can also be performed by carbohydrates and fats?

Provide energy

Which atom is central to protein’s most important qualities?

Nitrogen

What happens to an egg's protein over time?

They denature, coagulate and break down

Describe the structure of protein. Why is this important?

Determines the function of the protein. Amine group. Central group and a carboxyl chain

Which cooks faster, meat or fish?

Fish

How does an enzyme function as a catalyst?

Reduces the energy needed to start a reaction (activation energy) fits the shape of the substrate; allows reactions to happen faster

What does the enzyme LIPASE break down?

Lipids (fat)

Define food spoilage.

A change in food that causes it to become unfit for human consumption

Define foodborne illness.

A sickness caused by contaminated food

Define cross contamination.

The tainting of a food that occurs when a contaminated substance comes in contact with another food. Good prevention- washing hands, using clean knives and cutting boards

What is a pathogen?

A microorganism that causes illness in humans

What is the function of Vitamin B12?

Promotes healthy cell development

What is the function of Copper?

Necessary for red blood cell formation

What is the function of Folic Acid?

Prevent neural tube birth defects

What is the function of B3 (Niacin)?

Lowers cholesterol

What is the function of Vitamins?

Help activate enzymes during chemical reactions

What is the function of Phosphorus?

Works with calcium, helps cells release energy, and can be found in milk, grains, avocados, and meat

What is the function of Calcium?

Aids in blood clotting, supports bones and teeth, and is essential for the heart and nervous system

What is the function of Vitamin D?

Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

What is the standard amount of calories per day?

2000

What are high value and low value percentages on food labels?

20% vs. 5%

What is the name for dairy sugar?

Lactose