Chapters 1 & 9: Intro and Inflammation

What does “patho” mean?

Physical disease or abnormality

What does “physio” mean?

How the body normally functions

What does “-logy” mean?

Study of

What does pathophysiology focus on?

Abnormalities in the body

Pathophysiology is the study of what ______ in the body when a disease, injury, or disorder occurs:

Goes wrong

Pathophysiology studies how disease affects the normal ______ and ______ processes of the body:

Physical and functional

Etiology is the…

Cause of a disease or disorder

What does etiology look at?

The factors that cause or contribute to a disease

What does idiopathic mean?

The cause of a disease or disorder is unknown

What does iatrogenic mean?

A complication was caused by medical treatment or healthcare

A medication causing an unexpected injury is an example of a _______ complication?

iatrogenic

What is a risk factor?

Something that increases a person's chance of developing a disease

What are the types of risk factors?

Modifiable and non-modifiable

What is a modifiable risk factor?

A risk factor that a person can change or control

Smoking, diet, physical activity, and alcohol use are examples of _________ risk factors:

Modifiable

What is a non-modifiable risk factor?

A risk factor that a person cannot change or control

Age, genetics, and family history are examples of __________ risk factors:

Non-modifiable

Pathogenesis is how a…

Disease develops and progresses over time in the body

Pathogenesis focuses on what happens between the initial _______ of a disease and the point when a person develops _____________:

cause; signs and symptoms

Clinical manifestations are the…

Signs and symptoms

Signs = ________ findings

Objective

What does it mean when findings are objective?

They can be observed or measured by the healthcare provider

Symptoms = ________ findings

Subjective

What does it mean when findings are subjective?

They are experiences that are felt and reported by the patient

What is a syndrome?

A group or pattern of signs and symptoms that occur together, helping healthcare providers recognize a particular disorder.

After initial exposure, what are the four stages of a disease?

Latent period, prodromal period, acute phase, subclinical

What is the latent period?

The period of time between the initial exposure and the appearance of symptoms

During the latent period, the disease is developing but is _______:

Hidden

What does a person typically experience during the latent period?

No noticeable symptoms, so the person may not feel sick yet

A person is exposed to a virus on Monday; the virus begins multiplying in the body, but the person does not feel sick until Thursday.

What stage is this?

Latent Period

What is the prodromal period?

The early stage when vague or mild symptoms begin to appear

Why are symptoms during the prodromal period not enough to identify the disease?

The symptoms are not specific enough to tell you exactly what disease you have

A person starts feeling tired and has a mild headache but does not know what is wrong yet.

What stage is this?

Prodromal period

What is the acute phase?

The period when the disease is most intense or severe

The disease is most active during the ______ phase:

Acute

A mild headache and tiredness turn into a high fever, severe sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

What stage is this?

Acute phase

What does subclinical mean?

A disease is present, but the patient does not have noticeable signs or symptoms

When a person has a subclinical disease, they might not _____________:

Know they are sick

How is a subclinical disease often detected?

Through testing rather than symptoms

A person has high blood pressure but does not feel anything wrong, and it is discovered during a routine checkup.

What stage is this?

Subclinical

What is an acute clinical course?

When a disease develops quickly and usually lasts a short period of time

What is a chronic clinical course?

When a disease persists over a long period of time

What is an exacerbation?

A sudden worsening of a disease or its symptoms

What is remission?

A period when the signs and symptoms of a disease decrease or disappear

Remission does not always mean a disease is _______:

Cured

What is convalescence?

The period of recovery after an illness

What is a sequela?

A lasting effect or complication that remains after the original disease has ended

What is epidemiology?

The study of how diseases occur and spread in populations

What do epidemiologists study?

The patterns of disease over large groups of people

What is an endemic disease?

A disease that is expected and consistently present in a particular population or geographic area

What is an epidemic?

When there are more cases of a disease than normally expected in a particular population or geographic area

If a town normally has 5 cases of a disease each month but suddenly has 200 cases, that could be an ______.

Epidemic

What is a pandemic?

An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents

What are treatment implications?

How we manage a disease

What is primary prevention?

Stopping the disease before it starts

What is secondary prevention?

Catching the disease early

What is tertiary prevention?

Managing an existing disease

White blood cells that act like the body's “security team” and protect your body

Leukocytes

The “First Responder” WBC’s:

Neutrophils

Which WBC’s are the first to show up when there is an infection?

Neutrophils

The Specialized WBC’s:

Lymphocytes

What types of cells are included in lymphocytes?

B Cells, T Cells, and NK Cells

Which WBC includes B cells, T cells, and NK cells?

Lymphocytes

Which cells are known as the “Eaters”:

Monocytes and Macrophages

Monocytes travel in the _______:

Blood

Monocytes become ________ once they enter ____________:

Macrophages; body tissue

What do macrophages do?

Eat or engulf germs and damaged cells

Macrophages are found in the ________:

Tissue

Which WBC’s are known as the “parasite fighters”

Eosinophils

Eosinophils help fight ________ and are also involved in _________:

Parasites; allergies

Which cells are involved in the release of Histamine?

Basophils and Mast Cells

Which cells are involved in allergic reactions?

Basophils and Mast Cells

___________ is a chemical your body releases during an immune/inflammatory response like an infection, injury, or allergen:

Histamine

Which cells show an antigen/foreign substance to a T cell to alert it?

Dendritic Cells

What are B lymphocytes (B Cells) responsible for making?

Antibodies

A _________ is a protein that recognizes a specific foreign substance/threat and helps the immune system deal with it:

Antibody

What do T lymphocytes (T cells) do?

fight infected cells

What special ability do some T cells have?

Some T cells can remember a pathogen, allowing for a faster response the next time they encounter it

What is the main function of natural killer (NK) cells?

They find and quickly kill infected cells

What do NK cells look for?

Cells that appear abnormal or infected