Chp. 16 Navigation incomplete

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51 Terms

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Pilotage

following land marks to track location

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What are the four different time zones?

pacific, mountain, central, eastern

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Universal coordinated time is referred to as

Zulu

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True course is

True north measured by the actual meridian

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True heading is

where the nose of your aircraft points

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Varitation

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Magnetic variation

caused by geographical differences

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Magnetic deviation

the metals in the airplane disturb the magnetic compass

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How to remember to subtract or add variation

“East is least (subtract) and west is best (add)”

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Compass deviation card

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How to convert minutes to hours and hours to minutes?

minutes to hours: divide minutes by 60 to find hours

hours to minutes: multiple hours by 60

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How to calculate flight time?

D(NM)/GS = T

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How to calculate the distance in flight?

GS x T = D

<p>GS x T = D</p>
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How to calculate for GS?

D/T = GS

<p>D/T = GS</p>
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Converting mph into knots

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Isogenic lines

broken magenta lines that connect points of equal magnetic variation. (no vitiation between magnetic and true north)

magnetic variation pointing to the magnetic of the earth

true north where the actual north is located

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What is the scale of 1 inch on the sectional map?

8SM or 6.87NM

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Dead reckoning

using time, speed, and distance to have estimated times over checkpoint landmarks

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What must you do in order to clear obstacles

Set altimeter to current local pressure to make sure you’ll clear

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Magnetic North

where the lines of magnetic flux leave and enter the earth

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Magnetic Variation

variable angular difference between true and magnetic north based on your location

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Variations

Expressed in East and West depending if MN is east or west of TN

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How to remember difference between variations

West is best(add) and East is least (subtract)

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Formula for calculating West MN variation to TN

TC + W VAR = MC

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Formula for calculating East MN variation to TN

TC - E VAR = MC

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Earth is divided by

15degrees W variations

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heading

direction airplane is pointing at

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Course

path

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True course

course relative to true north

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Magnetic course

course relative to magnetic north

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What heading do we use to fly?

Magnetic Heading

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How to calculate true heading

TC ± WCA +TH

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How to calculate magnetic heading

MC ± WCA = MH

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How to calculate compass heading

MH ± DEV = CH

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Very high frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

VOR system is present in three slightly different navigational aids (NAVAIDs): VOR, DME, VORTAC.

These systems provide magnetic bearing information to and from the station.

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West is Best (TC + W VAR = MC)

East is Least (TC – E VAR = MC)

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VFR at night what is the minimum additional fuel must you carry?

45 minutes

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TAS on e6b

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ref slide 34

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Wind indicator to find ground speed

tail ends on the left you minus, tail ends up right add the wind angle degree

g = Gromit, ground speed

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VORs are in reference to MN and are identified beginning with 001 which is 1 degree east. They are classified as T(Terminal0, L(low altitude), and H(high altitude) to show useable radius altitudes.

is a beam

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<p></p>

Horizontal situational indicator
Nav warning flag no reliable signal is being seen

HDG flag indicates there is an error with the compass card

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<p>VOR indicator </p>

VOR indicator

OBS - omni bearing selector

CDI - course deviation indicator (white needle)

want to get the needle centered

if needle is left turn left

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<p>Automatic direction finder (ADF) tuned to nondirectional ground station known as (NDB). The one advantage of using this to navigate instead of a VOR is that VORs are based on frequency and NDB are based on the curvatures of the earth. This means NDB can be accessed at any altitude unlike VOR which is easily affected by electrical disturbances like lightening.  </p>

Automatic direction finder (ADF) tuned to nondirectional ground station known as (NDB). The one advantage of using this to navigate instead of a VOR is that VORs are based on frequency and NDB are based on the curvatures of the earth. This means NDB can be accessed at any altitude unlike VOR which is easily affected by electrical disturbances like lightening.

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GPS and RAIM

RAIM - receiver autonomous integrity monitoring to determine if a satellite is receiving corrupted information. Without it, it is hard to understand if the GPS is accurate. Needs five satellites or four satellites and barometric altimeter (baro-aiding) to detect anomaly. Needs five satellites and baro-aiding or six satellites to detect where the anomaly is coming from.

There are two types. One that tells you there is not enough satellites and one that tells you a phase of the flight has a potential error.

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Many VFR GPS are not equipped with RAIM which can result in the following issues:

If you cannot rename the waypoint or update the system

waypoint is blocked by aircraft positioning and unable to reach antenna

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NAV

used to dial VOR

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VOR will tell you what radial (degree) you’re on so that your NAVAID is on course (the beam). Very important that your to and from is set because they are each others reciprocal.

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Make sure you’re flying the compass heading radical shown so that you can turn back on to the correct path if you’re off center

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beam is perpendicular which would result in the VOR being confused and not indicating a to or from or you’re on top of the vor

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To 0 is 180 and From is the direct course? ya i was right