Human Development Exam #1a

3 domains of development

1. Biological

2. Cognitive

3. Socioemotional

How does your textbook define development

• Systematic changes in the individual occurring between conception and death

• such changes can be positive, negative, or neutral.

What is the ‘life-span perspective

• A perspective that views development as a lifelong, multidirectional process that involves gain and loss

  • Characterized by considerable plasticity

  • shaped by its historical–cultural context

  • many causes

  • best viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective.
    

9 Periods of life (recent interest has focused on which newly created developmental ‘age’ (p.5) and what are some characteristics of that period?)

1. Prenatal

   • conception to birth

2. Infancy

   • first 2 years (year 1= neonatal/ newborn)

3. Preschool

   • 2-5

   • toddlers, walk 1-3 yrs

4. Middle Childhood

   • 6-10

5. Adolescence

   • 10-18

   • puberty

   • starts to be independent

6. Emerging Adulthood***

   • 18-25 (29)

   • transition period between adolescence and adulthood!!

   • exploring identities, careers, relationships

7. Early Adulthood

   • 25-40

   • adult roles

8. Middle Adulthood

   • 40-65

9. Late Adulthood

   • 65+

Age Grade

• Dividing life span into AGE GROUPS

• Clusters of years that functionally are the same

Age Norms

Informal rules that specify age-appropriate roles, status, & behaviors of each age group.

Social Clock

• Grouping age norms creates a ‘clock’ that orders life events

  • ex: We should be married by 22, kids by 30, job & live on
    our own by 18, etc.

5 ‘elements’ in a ‘life course

1. Events

   • will you… go to college, marry, kids, travel?

2. Timing

   • do you marry at 18 or 24? do you graduate at 22 or 32?

3. Sequencing

   • ACTUAL ORDER

4. Duration

   • years spent in each phase

     • Extension of Adolescence

     • Creation of Middle Age

     • Extension of Old Age

5. Transitions

   • role changes

   • ex: graduating from college (student > employee)

   • ex: getting married (single > spouse)

Compare the younger college student to the ‘atypical’ older one.

Young

• first time away from home

• formal operational thinking, learning, study habits, skills

• identity growth

  • start working

  • some get married

Older

• self-conscious, hesitant

• have other roles and demands

  • changing career

  • kids in school

  • divorced/ widow

  • satisfaction of completion

SOD’s

• Start-Over-Dads

  • older men have kids at late age

  • PRO: more nurturing, engaged

  • CON: kids worry how long dad will live

Is Middle age a new construct?

YES!

• Middle age became a more distinct in the 20th century as parents began to bear fewer children (not as young) and live long enough to see their children grow up and leave home

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature

• genetics

• biology, genes, inheritance

Nurture

• environment

• experiences

Define maturation (caused by ______) and learning (caused by ______).

Maturation

• driven by genetic and biological

Learning

• acquisition of knowledge or skills caused by experience

Stability vs Change

Continuity vs Discontinuity

Universality vs Context Specificity

DNA

Gene

Chromosome

Where are genes located?

What is a gene and what does a gene code for (lecture)?

What are the 4 nucleotides?

What are the nucleotide pairs (p. 41)

Nucleosomes (besides organizing the DNA, what other function do they serve (lecture, see epigenetics)

A gene is made up of many sets of __________.

This ‘triplet code’ specifies an _________ __________.

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? Total?

Where do we get our chromosomes

karyotype?

What is special about pair #23??

Who determines the sex of the baby?

According to the Human Genome Project, humans have how many genes (p.41)?

Genotype

P

Phenotype

Allele

Dominant vs. Recessive

Incomplete dominance

Co-dominance

Carrier

sex-linked

poly-genetic

chromosomal abnormalities

sickle cell anemia

PKU

hemophilia

Huntington’s disease

Whose research is primarily responsible for discovering the gene for Huntington’

CNV

Behavioral genetics

Determination of genetic disorders

Ultrasound

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

fetal MRI

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

amniocentesis

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

maternal blood sampling (triple screen)

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

PGD

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

Sex determination

Prenatal diagnostic tests:

Trisomy 21

Chromosomal abnormalities

Turner’s

Chromosomal abnormalities

• 
  

Klinefelter’s

Chromosomal abnormalities

• extra X chromosome!
  

Androgen insensitivity Syndrome

Chromosomal abnormalities

• genetically male XY!!

• genes on Y cause testicular tissue

• LACK of cellular androgen receptors

  • raised as female

  • no uterus, infertile
    

5-alpha reductase deficiency

Chromosomal abnormalities

• LACKS 5-alpha reductase required for testosterone conversion to dihydrotestosterone

• required for normal external genitalia

  • looks like a “girl”

  • no penis/scrotum when born

  • develops genitals later in puberty!!
    

what is the ‘fingerprint’ on top of certain genes that influences whether or not these genes are turned on or not’

Epigenetics

Gene expression

Which Epigenetic Mechanism involves the nucleosome?

Histone acetylation

DNA methylation

Gotlieb’s Epigenetic Theory

Rat pup study

Darwin’s main arguments

natural selection

What was the example of moths & their rural vs industrial environmental niches

Evolution is about the interaction of & __

Sexual reproduction – know the 2 processes

Crossing Over

Mutation

Migration & patterns of mating.

Meiosis

Mitosis

genetic relatedness’ numbers

Zygote

Monozygotic/identical twins

Dizygotic/fraternal twins

Gene-environment correlation & types (3)

• Passive

• Evocative

• Active

How may the relative importance of the three types of interactions may change with age?

Diathesis stress vs Differential susceptibility.

Sexual Determination of a male

Prenatal vs. Perinatal period (how long?)

Prenatal Pregnancy

Prenatal Gravidity

Perinatal Labor & Delivery

Perinatal Parturition

Perinatal Birth

Neonate: Newborn

P

Postpartum

Who determines the sex of the baby – the mother (egg) or the father (sperm)?

Conception

What is another term for conception? Where does it normally occur?

What term is used for the ‘fertilized egg’?