bio shit

cell

cell

they are the “ unit of life”, they provide structure for the body, take nutrients, from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions

cell theory

1. the cell is the smallest living unit in all living organisms

2. all living things are made of cells

3. all cells come from other pre-existing cells

Cell membrane

controls what comes into and out of the cell, it’s found in plant and animal cells

cell wall

ridged outer layer of plant cell

centriole

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

chloroplast

captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in a plant cell

cilium

moves water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia. This process can either result in the cell moving through the water, typical for many single-celled organisms, or in moving water and its contents across the surface of the cell

cytoplasm

gel-like fluid where organelles are found

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of a cell to another, (transporter of proteins, etc.)

Endsymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Eukaryote

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

Flagellum

a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis

golgi apparatus

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion

lysosome

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

nucleus

control center of the cell, contains DNA

mitochondria

produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions

organelle

A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function.

prokaryote

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. All prokaryotic cells are encased by a cell wall. Many also have a capsule or slime layer made of polysaccharide.

ribosomes

assembles amino acids to create proteins

vacoles

stores food, water, waste, and other materials

active transport

molecules move across a concentration gradient from low to high concentration

aquaporins

protien channel which water flows thru

concentration gradient

measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another

diffusion

the movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

endocytosis

the ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles

Exocytosis

when nutrients and other things r pushed out/ leave the cell

Facilitated diffusion

the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient.

hypertonic

cell shrinks, water flows out of cell to “equal concentration”

hypotonic

the cell gets PHAT and bursts, water goes into the cell to balance solute, lower concentration of solute compared to cell

isotonic

equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell, no net movement

lipid bilayer

A lipid bilayer is a biological membrane consisting of two layers of lipid molecules. Each lipid molecule, or phospholipid, contains a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

osmosis

osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

osmotic pressure

the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

plasmolysis

typical response of plant cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress, when plant cells lose water after being placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does.

passive transport

the process of transporting molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without any energy requirements

selectively permeable

Selective permeability of the cell membrane refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others

tonicity

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content.