HIT125 Ch 5 Vocab

angi/o

blood or lymph vessels

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

other/o

plaque or fatty substance

brady-

slow

capill/o

capillary

cardi/o

heart

end/o

within

hem/o, hemat/o

blood, relating to blood

peri-

surrounding

phleb/o

vein

-sclerosis

abnormal hardening

tachy-

fast, rapid

thromb/o

clot

ven/o

vein

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

heart

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs; very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body

apex

lower tip of heart

pericardium

also known as the pericardial sac, is the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

membranous

pertaining to membrane, which is a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part

parietal pericardium

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

pericardial fluid

found between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats

visceral pericardium

inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart

epicardium

external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

myocardium/ myocardial muscle

the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers; consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body

endocardium

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart; the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart

coronary arteries

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

atria

two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum; are the receiving chambers, and all blood enters the heart through these chambers

septum

a wall that separates two chambers

ventricles

two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum

ventricle

defined as a normal hollow chamber of the brain

tricuspid valve

external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium; tricuspid means having three cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve.

pulmonary valve

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery;

pulmonary

means pertaining to the lungs

mitral valve

located between the left atrium and left ventricle; also known as the

bicuspid valve because bicuspid means having two cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve

mitral

shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat)

aortic valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

oxygenated

oxygen rich, or containing an adequate supply of oxygen

deoxygenated

means oxygen poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen

right atrium (RA)

receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

right ventricle (RV)

pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

left atrium (LA)

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.

left ventricle (LV)

receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs.

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood.

systemic circulation

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

heartbeat

ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence

electrical impulses/ conduction system

nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart; maintain rate and regularity of heartbeat; these electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and bundle of His

sinoatrial (SA) node

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava; establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat, known as natural pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum; transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His

bundle of His (HISS)

group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers. It is named after German cardiologist Wilhelm His

Purkinje fibers

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. These fibers, named for Czech physiologist Jan Purkinje, relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, and it is this stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

sinus rhythm

normal beating of the heart

P wave

due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria

QRS complex

shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract.

T wave

recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles

cardiac cycle

one complete heartbeat, during which deoxygenated blood is converted to oxygenated blood in the lungs and pumped by the heart to the body

systole

the period of contraction that the ventricles undergo while pumping blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This is also referred to as the systolic phase

diastole

the period of relaxation that follows as the chambers refill with blood. This is also referred to as the diastolic phase

arteries

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

endarterial

within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

arterial blood

bright red in color because it is oxygen rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut.

aorta

largest blood vessel in the body. It begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

carotid arteries

are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

common carotid artery

located on each side of neck; divides into the internal carotid artery

which brings oxygen-rich blood to the brain, and the

external carotid artery, which brings blood to the face.

arterioles

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As blood enters one end of the capillary bed, the rate of flow of arterial blood slows.

capillaries

only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body; form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues

veins

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

venules

smallest veins that join to form the larger veins; walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries

venous

relating to, or contained to, the veins

superficial veins

located near body surface

deep veins

located within the tissues and away from the body surface

venae cavea

two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart

superior vena cava

transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart

inferior vena cava

transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart

pulse

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

blood pressure

the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

systolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

diastolic pressure

which occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

plasma

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 92% water. The remaining 8% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins.

serum

clear, pale yellow plasma fluid that remains after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

fribrinogen/ prothrombin

clear, pale yellow plasma fluid that remains after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

erythrocytes

also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are mature red blood cells

leukocytes

known as white blood cells (WBCs), are the blood cells involved in defending the body against many infective organisms and foreign substances

platelets/ thrombocytes

the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clotting of blood.

cardiologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

electrophysiologist

is a doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of heart arrhythmias

vascular surgeon

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels such as peripheral artery disease and varicose veins

telemetry nurse

pecializes in the use of technology within a hospital unit to track vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rhythms, and oxygen levels

congenital heart defects

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth and are the most common type of birth defect

coronary artery disease/ coronary heart disease/ ischemic heart disease

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death. CAD is the most common type of heart disease

atherosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

vascular remodeling

refers to the changes caused by plaque, which can protrude inward or outward. Inward remodeling reduces the vessel size, and outward remodeling enlarges it. Although outward remodeling does not narrow the lumen, it can lead to a rupture.

ischemia

condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

angina

also known as angina pectoris , is a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

stable angina

occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest.

unstable angina

may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction

myocardial infarction (MI)

commonly known as a heart attack , is the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

infracrtion

a sudden insufficiency of blood

infarct

localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood