Anantomy spine osteology

The axial skeleton consists of (4)

❑ Vertebral column

❑ Cranium

❑ Sternum

❑ Ribs

The vertebral column is composed of a series of

individual _____ (vertebrae) articulated in a series of _____ bound together by deformable ____

bones, curves, discs

Vertebral column function

Provides a rigid but flexible axis for movement

❑ Provides a ____ _____ for suspending structures (ie. ribs) that allow body to maintain cavities with relative constant shape and size

❑ Creates a ____ between the upper and lower extremities

❑ Provides ______ for the spinal cord

firm base

link

protection

5 regions of vertebral column

• Cervical

❑ Thoracic

❑ Lumbar

❑ Sacrum

❑ Coccyx

CERVICAL

__ cervical vertebrae of the neck

■ Appearance varies greatly from C1 to C7

■ Connects the ___ to the rest of the ____

■ Allows for a great deal of ___

■ Distinctive feature is ____ _____ !!!!

CRUNCHY BREAKFAST AT 7AM

WHAT HEAD??

7

head, body

movement

transverse foramen

ELEPHANT HEAD

Cervical Curvature

Lordotic (anterior) (left)

THORACIC

__ thoracic vertebrae

■ Suspends the ____

■ Less ____ and more ____ than cervical because of rib Articulations

■ Supports the ____ (respiratory) cavity

■ Distinctive feature is ____ ____!!!

TASTY LUNCH AT 12PM

WHAT ANIMAL HEAD??

7

ribs

flexible, stable

thoracic cavity

costal facets

GIRAFFE

Thoracic curvature

Kyphotic (right) (posterior)

LUMBAR

___ lumbar vertebrae

■ Posterior to the abdominal cavity

■ Allows mobility between the ____and the ____

■ Provides support for the upper skeleton and______

■ Distinctive feature is ____ ____

LIGHT DINNER AT 5PM

WHAT ANIMAL HEAD?

5

thorax and pelvis

upper extremities

mamilary process

MOOSE HEAD

Lumbar curvature

Lordotic (left) (anterior)

SACRUM

__ fused sacral vertebrae

■ Unites vertebral column with the pelvic girdle to which it is strongly bound

■ support body _____

• transmits upper extremity forces to the lower extremities

SMALL SNACK AT 5pm

-fused together

5

weight

Sacrum curvature

kyphotic (right) (posterior)

Coccyx has

_ segments

_____ curvature

-fused together

4

kyphotic

Kyphotic curves (right) (posterior) (2)

thoracic region

sacral region

Lordotic curves (left) (anterior) (2)

found in regions of greatest mobility

cervical region

lumbar region

Each vertebra has the following:

❑ Vertebral ____

❑ Vertebral ___

❑ 7 _____

body

arch

processes

__ and __ have their own bony landmarks that are generally distinct from the other vertebra

C1 and C2

which increases in size from C2 to L5 to accommodate progressively increasing loads?

vertebral body

Verterbral body is made up of (3)

• Trabeculae

❑ Ring apophyses

❑ Vertebral endplates

Joins vertebral foramen to vertebral body

-protects and creates a safe space for spinal cord

■ Protects neural tissue

■ Primarily made of cortical bone

vertebral arch

verterbal arch contains (3)

the body

lamina

pedicle

Ventral part of vertebral arch

❑ Superior and inferior vertebral notch

pedicle

Extend dorsally from the pedicles and fuse at midline

-vertebral arch

lamina -

Projects dorsally from junction between the two laminae

❑ Function as levers for the back extensors

spinous process

Project laterally from the junction between the pedicles and laminae

(apart of vertebral arch)

Transverse processes

what houses the spinal cord???

vertebral foramen

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

spinal nerves from spinal cord

The ____ vertebral ____ of the ___ vertebra

with the ____ vertebral notch of the ____ vertebra

form an intervertebral foramina

inferior verterbral notch of the above

superior vertebral notch of the below

Paired articular processes extending from junctions of pedicles and laminae

zygapophyses - vertebral arch

Between superior and inferior facets

pars interarticularis - vertebral arch - location

transverse processes serve as ___ for muscles

levers

Synovial joints between superior articular process and inferior articular process of adjacent

vertebra?

-they Extend from junctions of pedicles and laminae

zygapophyses (facet)

Zygapophyses are enclosed by a ____ ____ ___

fibrous joint capsule

do zygapoohyses have the same or different characteristics in cervical, thoracic, and

lumbar spine?

different

Region between the superior and inferior articular processes?

Pars interarticularis

defective pars interacrticularis?

Spondylolysis

anterior displacement of pars interarticularis

-lower back pain, buttocks, posterior leg

Spondylolisthesis

Vertebrae that some characteristic features of both adjacent spinal segments?

transitional vertebrae

transitional vertebrae occurs where ____ of vertebrae markedly changes from one level to the next

morphology

3 transitional vertebrae

• Cervicothoracic

❑ Thoracolumbar

❑ Lumbosacral

Intervertebral Disc

■ General Characteristics

❑ Fibrocartilaginous

❑ Major _____-______ structures of the spine

❑ Interposed between adjacent vertebrae

❑ Relatively ______ (no blood flow)

❑ Deeper anteriorly in lumbar and cervical regions contributing to the anterior convexities

compression bearings

Avascular

where do intervertebral discs present themselves?

C2 to S1

Fibrous strands within proteoglycan gel

❑ Smallest cervical, largest lumbar

1 out of two making up intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposus

Attaches to rim of vertebral body

❑ Concentric fibrocartilage and collagen bands

2 out of two making up intervertebral discs

annulus fibrosus

ligaments of intervertebral joints (2)

❑ Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

❑ Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

ligaments of veterbral arch (5)

❑ Ligamentum flavum

❑ Supraspinous ligament

❑ Interspinous ligament

❑ Nuchal ligament

❑ Intertransverse ligaments

location of anterior longitudinal ligament

anterior occiput to S1

Firmly attached to margins of the vertebral bodies and discs and less firmly to the midparts of the bodies

action of Anterior Longitudinal Ligament A.L.L

limits hyperextension

A.L.L is ____ and ____ in thoracic region and

_____ and _____ in cervical and lumbar

thicker and narrow

broad and thinner

what ligament is located in Body of axis (C2) to S1 along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

■ Lies within the vertebral canal

PREVENTS HYPERFLEXION

Posterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament prevents posterior displacement of disc?

■ and Does not attach to discs in cervical spine?

Posterior longitudinal ligament

P.L.L is _____ in lumbar spine and thickest in _____

narrow, thoracic

what ligament connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae from C1-Sacrum

■ Thickest in the lumbar spine

Composed of yellow elastic tissue (elastin)

Ligamentum Flavum

whats the action of ligamentum flavum?

helps maintain curvature of spine

what ligament extends from C7 to sacrum

■ Connects the tips of spinous processes

• thick in the lumbar spine

LIMITS FLEXION

supraspinous ligament

what ligament extends between spinous processes to attach along the length of the spinous process

LIMITS FLEXION

■ Thickest in the lumbar spine

■ lacking in the cervical spine

interspinous ligament

what ligament is from the external occipital protuberance and the foramen magnum to the spinous processes cervical vertebra

■ Continuation of supraspinous ligament

nuchal ligament

what liagment is from C1 to S5

■ Connects adjacent transverse processes

■ Limits contralateral side-= bending

■ Inconsistent in cervical spine, thicker in thoracic, thin sheets in lumbar

intertransverse ligament

what is contained within the vertebral canal

part of central nervous system (CNS)

spinal cord

spinal cord has enlargements in gray matter in _____ and _____ regions

cervical and lumber

spinal cord Gives off spinal nerves that combine in plexi to form ____ nerves

■ Developmentally the cord segments initially line up with the bony vertebral _____

peripheral

column

The spinal cord stops growing, but the vertebral_____ continues to grow, thus out distancing the spinal cord in length

■ Conus Medullaris of the spinal cord is usually at L2-L3

❑ Attaches to the _____ via: filum terminale

■ The collection of terminal spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord is called the Cauda Equina

column

Coccyx