Anatomy Lab Exam 2

Order of blood vessels

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

What is MAP in aorta?

100 mmHg

What is the MAP going into the capillaries?

35 mmHg

What is the MAP going into venules?

18 mmHg

Compliance

Veins can expand and hold more volume without increasing pressure

Elastance

Stretch and rebound

Q=

Delta P/R

CO=

BP/ TPR or HRxSV

CO is larger than runoff

Increase in BP, systole

CO is smaller than runoff

Smaller BP, diastole

What controls output?

Smooth muscles

Central venus pressure

Difference in pressure, influenced by blood volume, impacts preload

How does the sympathetic system impact BP?

Increases it

How does the parasympathetic system impact BP?

It decreases it

Venoconstriction

In extreme drop in BP, caused by sympathetic nervous system, caused by massive loss of blood volume or vasodilation 

How are blood volume and central venus pressure related?

Proportional

How are central venus pressure and venus return related?

Proportionally

How is venus return and EDV related?

Proportionally

How are EDV and ESV related?

Inversely

How are EDV and SV related?

Proportionally

How are SV and ESV related?

Inverse

How are SV and Co related?

Proportionally

How does a slower heart rate affect filling time?

Frank-starling law

More in=more out

Preload

Venus return

Venus return

Blood coming into the heart

How do CO and TPR impact blood pressure?

Directly

How do central venus pressure and blood volume impact BP?

Indirectly

Which side of the heart pushes out more blood?

Neither, they are equal

How are afterload and stroke volume related?

Inverse

What are the kinds of blood pressure control?

Local and neural

Local blood pressure control

Autocrine and paracrine

Autocrine blood pressure control

Blood vessels respond to tissue hydrostatic pressure

Paracrine blood pressure control

Released by tissues

Neural blood pressure control

Autonomic nervous system

Where is the autonomic nervous system?

In the medulla oblongata

How does the parasympathetic system regulate blood pressure?

Through vagus nerve, decreases HR using SA node

How does the sympathetic system regulate blood pressure?

Increases heart rate, stronger contractions, and vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Where are barroreceptors?

In aorta, carotid sinus, and medulla

What regulates the autonomic nervous system?

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and volume receptors

Volume receptors

In aorta, measure how much blood is coming back in

How does the endocrine system fix low BP?

Renin →angiotensin→ aldosterone→ ADH. Conserves H2O to increase blood volume

How does the endocrine system change BP?

Using blood volume

How does the endocrine system fix high blood pressure?

Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP), increase water loss to decrease BV

How is angiotensin made?

Renin turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, then ACE turns 1 into 2

What does angiotensin 2 do?

Makes you thirsty, triggers ADH to be made, causes the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone, and vasoconstricts peripheral vessels

Where is ADH made?

Hypothalamus?

Where is aldosterone released from?

Adrenal cortex

What does aldosterone do?

Conserves Na+ and water

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

How is low blood pressure fixed?

Bringing it back to the heart

What % of CO2 is at the brain at rest?

15

How much CO2 is soluble when at rest?

5 mL

What % of CO2 is in the GI and liver at rest?

26%

What % of blood is at the skeletal muscles when at rest?

20%

What % of CO2 is in the kidneys at rest?

20%

What % of blood is at the skeletal muscles when active?

80%

When does the CO2/O2 levels change in the brain?

Only under extreme conditions

What are the inputs of exercising?

Increased muscles activity, increased motor cortex output, increased CO2 in plasma and tissues, Temporary drop in BP due to increase in runoff

What is the integration site of cardiac system?

Medulla oblongata

What are the effectors of the cardiac system?

The heart, arteries, and veins

What equation is used to determine how much ventilation is needed?

Va/Q=1

Va

Alveolar ventilation

Q

Blood flow from R ventricle

What happens when the Po2 in the alveolus increases?

Vasodilation

What happens when Po2 in the alveolus decreases?

Vasoconstriction

Ventilation perfusion matching

Changing air/ blood flow through constriction and dilation to match

Perfusion limited gas exchange

Speed of blood flow limits gas exchange

Diffusion limited gas exchange

Surface area loss limits gas exchange

What is the Po2 in the top of the lungs?

138mmHg

What does Va/Q= in the top of the lungs?

2.1

What is the Po2 in the middle of the lungs?

100 mmHg

What is the Po2 in the bottom of the lungs?

86 mmHg

What does Va/Q= in the middle of the lungs?

1

What does the Va/Q= in the bottom of the lungs?

0.3

Why is there a difference between the top and bottom of the lungs?

Gravity

What is % hemoglobin when Po2 is at 40 mmHg?

75%

What is % hemoglobin saturation when Po2 is at 20 mmHg?

25%

Vo2=

Q(CaO2- CvO2)

Nasal cavity

Nasal chonchae

Tongue

Lingual tonsils

Hard palate

Uvula

Larynx

Hyoid bone

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Thyroid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Diaphragm

Mediastinum

Right primary bronchus

Left primary bronchus

Epiglottis

Space

Glottis