Maurice Duverger "favors in a two party and multiparty system"

what are the three sociological laws

a majority vote on one ballot is conducive to a two party system

proportional representation is conducive to a multiparty system

a majority vote on two ballots is conduce to a multiparty system inclined towards forming coalitions

finality of majority vote

forces parties with similar tendencies to regroup their forces at the risk of being defeated

what are the consequences of a failure to united the parties

the weaker party will die due to underrepresentation, and polarization

what do elections determined by majority vote on one ballot do

they pulverize third parties and would do worse to fourth and fifth parties if they existed under this sysetem

what does the single ballot system in the context of two parties do

first one that wins is favored while the other one suffers; first one is overrepresented (its proportion of seats is greater than voter percentage while the second place party in underrepresented)

what is the law of cube as it relates to the English two party system

the relationship in percentage of seats held by the two parties would be equal to the relationship of the cubes of the percentages received

strengthening of mechanical factors conducive to a two party system

voters abandon the third party in order to concentrate their votes on the two strongest parties

how does a system of proportional representation allow for multiplicity of parties

every minority no matter how weak it may be is assured representation in the legislature nothing prevents the formation of splinter parties.This electoral system does not encourage parties to unite coalitions are useless hence reciprocal independence

majority vote on second of two ballots

political parties are numerous because of the existence of a second ballot which permits each party to test it chances on the first without risking irrevocable defeat through splinter of parties holding similar views

how does regrouping of parties occur

occurs on the second ballot through a fgame of withdrawals; second ballot is voting by coalitions

what are parties

parties are a reflection of social forces. Electoral systems do not produce a given party system. Rather it exerts on an influence in the direction of a particular type of system. it is a force in the midst of other forces

what is an electoral system

an electoral system is an accelerator or brake

what are the effects of an election by majority vote on a single ballot

obstacle to appearance of new party

eliminates the weakest party

what are the effects of proportional representation

does not slow down the development of new parties. rather it works as an echo chamber. it also retards the elimination of old parties which would otherwise disappear

what are the effects of the two ballot majority system

it discourages the formation of new parties than proportional representastion

prestens a certain barrier to brusque changes of poltical opinion

may sometimes permit the formation of dual systems of alliances