Respiratory, Renal, and Fluid Balance Practice Exam

Vocabulary-based flashcards derived from a practice exam covering the respiratory and renal systems, as well as fluid and electrolyte balance.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The tissue likely damaged in a chronic bronchitis patient who cannot effectively move mucus toward the pharynx.

Renin

The substance released first by the kidney to activate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) following severe hemorrhage.

Proximal convoluted tubule

The nephron segment responsible for reabsorbing the greatest percentage of filtered water and solutes.

Intrapulmonary pressure

The pressure within the lungs that decreases during inspiration as thoracic volume increases.

Volume excess

A condition most likely to develop in a patient with advanced renal failure.

Trachea

The structure that directly connects the larynx to the primary bronchi and is kept from collapsing by C-shaped cartilage rings.

Alveoli

Specific structures where significant gas exchange first occurs.

High osmolarity

A condition that strongly stimulates the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).

Filtration

The specific process that occurs within the renal corpuscle.

Sequence of Urine Passage

Renal corpuscle $\rightarrow$ PCT $\rightarrow$ Nephron loop $\rightarrow$ DCT $\rightarrow$ Collecting duct.

Erythropoietin

A hormone stimulated by low oxygen levels that promotes the production of erythrocytes.

Type II pneumocytes

The specific cells that produce pulmonary surfactant.

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal inspiration.

Angiotensin II

A substance that stimulates aldosterone release, causes vasoconstriction, and increases thirst and ADH release.

Osmosis

The primary process by which most water reabsorption occurs in the renal system.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A hormone that causes urine output to increase.

$Na^+/K^+$ ATPase

The pump whose activity is increased by the hormone aldosterone.

Boyle's Law

The physical law stating that when volume increases, pressure decreases.

Sodium ($Na^+$)

The principal extracellular cation, which is often retained in cases of hyperaldosteronism.

Type B intercalated cells

The specific renal cells that secrete bicarbonate during alkalosis.

Macula densa cells

Cells in the kidney that monitor $NaCl$ concentration.

Renal threshold

The plasma concentration at which a substance begins to appear in the urine.

Carotid bodies

Sensory structures classified as peripheral chemoreceptors.

Bronchodilation

The respiratory effect produced by sympathetic stimulation.

Glomerulus

The capillary tuft located within a renal corpuscle.

Ureter

The tube through which urine travels from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

$$H_2CO_3$$

A weak acid component of the bicarbonate buffer system.

Potassium ($K^+$)

The cation found in higher concentrations in Intracellular Fluid (ICF) than in Extracellular Fluid (ECF); its secretion is increased by aldosterone.