Rhetoric+Philosophers+Ideologies

paralellism

repetition of grammatical structures

antithesis

contrasting ideas expressed in parallel form

chiasmus

inversion of grammatical structure, idea, or sound

tricolon

a sentence with 3 clearly defined parts of equal length.

ellipsis

the omission of a word easily supplied

syllepsis

terms linked (usually by a verb) in different sense of the meaning of the word (one literal, other figurative)

anastrophe

words appear in an unexpected order

anthimeria

using a part of speech as another

polyptoton

the repetition of the same root word but in different forms.

epizeuxis

the consecutive repetition of a word, often in a pattern of 3.

epanalepsis

the use of the same word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence. X___X

anadiplosis

repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the end and the beginning of the next. ___X, X____

anaphora

repitition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning. X___ X___

epistrophe

repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the end. ___X ____X

metaphor

one thing = another

allusion

referring to an event, person from past

apostrophe

talking to something that cannot talk back

simile

something = something (like or as)

metonymy

a type of metaphor that uses something closely associated with (but not part of) a subject in order to represent that subject.

synecdoche

a form of metonymy in which a part acts as a substitute for a whole.

personification

giving human attributes to a non human thing

asyndeton

no conjuctions

polysyndeton

multiple conjunctions

understatement

低调

hyperbole

exaggerating

climax

a list that builds up by importance

aposiopesis

breaking off a statement midway

erotema

a rhetorical question that does not need an answer

metanoia

the act of correcting oneself

praeteritio

calling attention to a point by seeming to dismiss or ignore it

dramatic irony

something that the audience doesnt know

verbal irony

sarcasm

situational irony

something unexpected happening.

hypophora

asking a question and then proceeds to answer those questions. Typically the question is asked at the start

metabasis

a brief statement of what has been said and what will be transitioned to.

procatalepsis

anticipates an object that might be raised by an audience and responds to it

Anthropology

What does it mean to be human? Origin of man, nature of being human, human relationships

Cosmology

Where did the physical universe come from? did it just exist at a certain point? Is the Universe composed of matter and energy, or is there a spiritual realm as well? Origin and structure of the Universe. (Ex.big bang theory, biology, chemistry)

Axiology

What do we value? how do those values shape our perception of right and wrong? how to determine good vs. evil? Idea of worth/value, what is and how to determine right or wrong

Epistemology

What is truth? how do we know what is true or false? tries to understand the nature and source of knowledge.

Theology

Does God exist? Who or what is God? what is God like? religion, faith, spiritual experience.

Sociology

What is the structure of human society? how and why do social groups change the way people behave? why do people form societies?

Soteriology

What is humanity’s essential problem? is there a solution to that? where and what can humans find salvation from?

Teleology

What is our purpose in life? how do we discover that? does everyone have a unique purpose, or is there a general purpose that humans share? Purpose behind natural phenomena

Plato

Most people are like prisoners chained in a cave, mistaking shadows on a wall for reality. True enlightenment involves a difficult journey out of this darkness to perceive the real world of ideal Forms, and a responsibility to return and guide others.

Hobbes

in a "state of nature" (without government), human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" because humans are inherently self-interested and competitive. To escape this, people agree to a social contract, surrendering some freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for order and security.

Rousseau

humans in a state of nature were "noble savages"—fundamentally good, compassionate, and free. It is society and its institutions (like property and inequality) that corrupt them and create vice.

Augustine

Original Sin holds that humans are born with a innate tendency to sin and do evil because of the fall of Adam. Evil is not an external force but a perversion of the human will.

Tolstoy

People deliberately stupefy themselves with substances like alcohol to numb the "voice of conscience" that reveals the painful contradiction between how they live and how they know they ought to live. It is an attempt to escape moral self-awareness