Pedigrees & Biotechnology

heredity

passing on of genetic characteristics

genetics

scientific study of heredity is called genetics

DNA

nucleic acids instructions for making proteins (traits)

gene

segment of DNA/ chromosome that codes for one protein/trait

genome

collection of all of an organisms genes

allele

one of the options for a gene

dominant allele

is expressed as the phenotype whenever it is present; even if it is paired with a recessive allele

recessive allele

is only expressed when there are 2 recessive alleles

genotype

the list of alleles you have for a gene, 1 from mom 1 from dad

Pedigrees

charts created to trace inheritance of a trait over generations

male on pedigree

square

female on pedigree

circle

affected individual in pedigrees

shaded in square or circle

unaffected individuals in pedigrees

blank square or circle

carrier

the individual has the affected allele but it is not expressed in the phenotype

patterns of inheritance

autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, x linked recessive, x linked dominant, y linked

autosomal

expressed in both sexes equally, difference of only

Autosomal dominant

all affected individuals must all have at least 1 dominant allele, all unaffected are homozygous recessive

diseases from autosomal dominant

huntingtons, dwarfism, marfans

genotypes of affected autosomal recessive

aa

genotypes of affected autosomal dominant

AA, Aa

genotypes of affected x linked recessive

X^a Y    X^aX^a

genotypes of affected x linked dominant

X^A Y    X^AX^A   X^AX^a

genotypes of affected y linked

XY^*

sex linked

one sec outweighs the other greatly difference of 3 or more

recessive

if it skips a line it is…

Y linked

every affected father pass it on to every son

example of y linked trait

hairy ears

generation

the group of organisms around the same age of parents in their own same generation

genetic engineering

process the alter an organisms dna

gel electrophoresis

using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at a particular base pattern

restriction enzyme

an enzyme that cuts DNA at a certain pattern, comparing the number and size of the dna

parental

from the fatherge

maternal

from the mother

genetically modified organisms

organisms who’s genomes have been altered

autosomal chromosomes

1 - 22 chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

sex chromosmes

chromosome that determines the sex of an organisms

biotechnology

uses biological knowledges to create products and processes that help humanity

selective breading

pick which organisms with desired traits to breed, takes time

genetic modification

organisms have exact, desired trait, and can be faster

Recombinant DNA technology

gene cloning, think insulin

theraputic cloning

biomedical cloning, growing tissues for drug testing

reproductive cloning

clones whole organism

pharming

production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug-producing gene.

agarose gel

gel used in gel electrophoresis, allows DNA to go right through it

well

where dna is inserted in gel electrophoresis

stained

what the DNA needs to be to see it in gel electrophoresis

standard sample

the index being compared to in dna

banding pattern

unique to each organism

what gel electrophoresis is used for

forensics, paternity tests, evolutionary relationships

cladogram

shows how closely related organisms are

node

where organisms relatedness branch off on a cladogram

A T C G

universal code of dna

GMO

genes can be cut out of an organism and pasted into antoher

nucleoid

bacteria genome

bacteria

pick up foreign DNA as a plasmid and incorporate it

vector

a plasmid that has been pasted with a certain gene

selectable marker

a gene that codes for a protein that is noticable in some way

uses of genetic engineering

protect crops from insects, improve quality of food, extend growing season

GFP - Green Flourencent Protein

are used to let us know if genes are on or off

pros of genetic engineering

more nutritious foods, use less pesticides, diseases resistant crops, increased food supply

cons of genetic engineering

ecological reprocussions - you cant contain it, allergy concerns, product labeling regulation

pros of cloning

identical crops and lifestock, reliable growth and harvest, medicine duplicaing diseases to study

why clone animals

to bring back endangered species, pharmaceutical productions

oocyte retrival

get an egg

enucleation

remove the nucleus from another cell of what you want to clone

somatic cell nuclear transfer

the nucleus from the donor and put it in the egg cell

artificial activation

shock the egg

embryo tranfer

but the embryo in a surrogate mother who births the clone

problems with cloning

signs of premature aging, health problems associated with cloned animals

iPS - Cell programing - induced pluripotent stems

are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult somatic cell. 

step 1 of iPS

get somatic cell

step 2 of iPS

add the 4 signals in reverse order to turn genes back on and  turn it into a stem cell

step 3 of iPS

Grow in a culture or place in a surrogate Mother.