APUSH Unit 7

Booker T. Washington

African American man born into slavery who founded the Tuskegee Institute as he believed that industrial education would help African Americans escape from poverty. Author of "Up From Slavery" who believed in the idea of self help, and did not openly criticize segregation.

Atlanta Compromise

1895 address given by Booker T. Washington at the Cotton States Exposition in which he advocated for vocational education and a focus on economic advancement, whilst also encouraging African Americans to ignore segregation and accept the limited rights they were granted.

National Association of Colored Women

an organization created in 1896 by African American women designed to support communities. Members cared for orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated for temperance, and undertook public health campaigns. This organization also fought for women's suffrage and for civil rights.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist who was the leader of the anti-lynching movement. Wells wrote about and campaigned against lynching, and also sued the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad for segregationist policies.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

organization founded and led by Frances Willard, and allowed women to get involved with reform movements. Advocated for the passing of the 18th amendment, banning the making and consumption of alcohol. Framed political demands in the language of self-sacrifice, and described the plight of wives and children who suffered from men's alcoholism.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

organization that combined the AWSA and NWSA, and focused on the passing of a amendment to the Constitution that granted women the right to vote. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, and pursued a diplomatic approach to gain suffrage.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

1911, fire in an NYC factory that killed hundreds of workers as they were locked inside the factory. This tragedy helped initiate labor reform in New York, and led to laws that improved working conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906, act that forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food and drugs. Also created the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates the food and drug business in order to protect American consumers.

National Consumers League

organization founded during the 1890s by Josephine Lowell and Jane Addams, that helped increase wages and working conditions across the country. Also advocated for laws to protect workers.

Tuskegee Institute

institute founded by Booker T. Washington that taught African Americans trade skills.

Women's Trade Union League

1903, a US organization of both working class and wealthy women that aimed to: create labor unions for women, gain greater rights for women in the workplace, and gain women's suffrage.

National Child Labor Committee

1904, an organization formed to promote the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working.

Muller VS Oregon

1908, Supreme Court case which upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours. Important victory for women in the workforce and the organizations that advocated for their rights.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

1909, organization founded by WEB Dubois to: help improve the lives of African Americans, eliminate discrimination, and achieve civil rights.

WEB Dubois

Harvard educated sociologist born into a middle-class African American family in Boston. Advocated for civil rights and an end to segregation, and believed that the civil rights movement. Called for a talented tenth to lead the African American community and the civil rights movement. Founder of the NAACP.

Industrial Workers of the World

1905, a radical Marxist union, also known as the Wobblies, that sought to unite all American workers into one massive union. Believed that organizing strikes and committing acts of resistance in the workplace would lead to the overthrow of capitalist system. Also advocated for better working conditions and fair wages. During WW1, this group clashed with the US government as they opposed the war.

Hepburn Act

1906, a law that strengthened the powers Internal Commerce Committee and allowed the organization to set the maximum shipping rates for railroads, ferries toll bridges, and oil pipelines. This act ultimately helped farmers, as they paid less to ship their goods.

Standard Oil Decision

1911, Supreme Court decision that approved the breaking up of the Standard Oil Company's monopoly in the oil industry, as the company was violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Motivated Justice Department to break up other monopolies.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902, act that sought to promote economic development in the West. Federal land was sold to fund irrigation systems and land development projects, that increased agricultural production.

Wisconsin Idea

series of reforms supported by LaFollette that included initiative, recall, and secret ballots. Emphasized the use of academic research to inform public policy and improve society.

Robert La Follette

Republican and progressive who served as a Senator for Wisconsin and also served as governor of the state from 1901-1906. Believed in greater democracy, eliminating corruption, breaking up monopolies and economic regulation. Helped create the Wisconsin Idea.

Tension Frustration Thesis

idea that the middle class desired to gain/regain the power it lost to big business and immigration through reform projected upon the lower classes.

Muckrakers

journalists who sought to expose corruption in print, with much of this corruption emerging during the Gilded Age. Specifically targeted political corruption and the corruption of big business and monopolies.

The History of the Standard Oil Company

1904, a book written by Ida B. Tarbell that exposed the crimes and abuses committed by the Standard Oil Company. Helped motivate Supreme Court Case that broke up the Standard Oil Company's monopoly.

The Jungle

1906, book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the dangerous and unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. Helped motivate the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

Meat Inspection Act

1906, federal act that created rules to promote sanitary meat packing and allowed for government inspection of meat.

The Shame of Cities

1904, book written by Lincoln Steffens that exposed the corruption of municipal governments and the collusion between these governments and big business. Helped lead to the reform of municipal governments.

On Lynchings

1892, book written by Ida B. Wells in which she harshly criticized lynchings and stated that lynchings were used to terrorize and control African Americans.

Jane Addams

founder of Hull House and the leader of the Settlement House Movement.

Hull House

1889, a house run by Jane Addams in Chicago that worked to aid the urban poor, often immigrants, through providing educational opportunities, social services, food, shelter, and healthcare.

Settlement House Movement

a progressive reform movement that emerged to aid the urban poor and give them the opportunity for social and economic advancement. Often led by women, which helped accelerate the women's suffrage movement, as women demonstrated their ability to reform and improve society.

Planned Parenthood

1916, a nonprofit organization founded by Margaret Sanger that ultimately established clinics across the nation. Worked to educate the urban poor on family planning and advocated for the use of birth control.

Recall

one of many reforms introduced at the state level during the progressive era to promote democracy. Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

Initiative

one of many reforms introduced at the state level during the progressive era to promote democracy. Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider bills.

Secret Ballot

one of many reforms introduced at the state level during the progressive era to promote democracy. Guarantees privacy at ballot boxes which ensures that citizens can vote without being intimidated, historically industrial workers were intimidated to vote for pro-business candidates by their bosses.

Direct Primary

one of many reforms introduced at the state level during the progressive era to promote democracy. Ensures that citizens select candidates to run, as opposed to party bosses.

Theodore Roosevelt

President from 1901-1909, who took office following the assassination of William McKinley. Progressive reformer and trust buster who implemented the Square Deal, which focused on regulating corporations, protecting the consumer, conservation of natural resources. Also, promoted expansionist foreign policy through the Roosevelt Corollary and "Big Stick" diplomacy.

Bully Pulpit

Roosevelt's belief that the presidency was a platform to advance an agenda, emphasis on executive power.

Big Stick Diplomacy

diplomatic policy implemented by Theodore Roosevelt wherein America would use diplomacy coupled with the threat of military intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904, Roosevelt's expansion of the Monroe Doctrine, that stated that the United States had the right to engage in preventative intervention in Central and South America. Designed to allow America to intervene to protect economic interests within these regions.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy that focused on the Three C's...

1. Corporations - Roosevelt focused on regulating corporations, and destroying "bad" trusts that hurt the American consumer. However, Roosevelt allowed certain "good" trusts that benefited the American consumer to continue to exist (Elkin Act and Hepburn Act)

2. Consumers - Roosevelt also worked to protect the American consumer, through the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

3. Conservation - protection of the United States natural resources and an expansion of the national parks

Elkin Act

1903, outlawed railroad rebates and ensured all customers paid the same rates for shipping their products, which benefitted farmers.

William Howard Taft

1909-1913, Roosevelt's chosen successor who was not viewed as sufficiently progressive by Roosevelt and others. Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan, and became known as the Great Trust Buster. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft made no distinction between good and bad trusts, and split up US Steel. Instituted the Payne-Aldrich Tariff and created the Children's Bureau.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1909; a bill signed by Taft that moderately reduced tariffs that was considered too pro-business by many progressives.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902, coal miners went on strike in Eastern Pennsylvania and demanded higher wages and better conditions. Roosevelt forced the workers and the coal company to settle the dispute.

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, that was formed by Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt ran for President with this party in 1912, advocating for new nationalism, but ultimately lost.

New Nationalism

the domestic policy that Roosevelt campaigned on in 1912 that focused on public welfare and a powerful executive. More progressive than Roosevelt's previous policies.

Dollar Diplomacy

foreign policy created by Taft wherein the US extended influence through financial power, particularly used in Latin America. Goal to help American businesses that engaged in trade with the region.

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921, President who advocated for the New Freedom, his domestic policy that focused on lowering tariffs, breaking up trusts, and curbing the power of banks. Internationalist who advocated for moral diplomacy, involved the US in WW1, and created the League of Nations.

Underwood Tariff

1913, reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax, which paved the way to the 16th Amendment.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914, act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust act that prevent price discrimination and limited mergers. Legalized striking and picketing.

Federal Reserve Act

1913, act that stabilized banks by creating the federal reserve. The federal reserve controls the US money supply and has the power to lend money to banks during extreme economic recessions in order to guarantee that banks are able to give customers their deposits back.

16th Amendment

1913, amendment to the US constitution that implemented a federal income tax wherein the rich paid more and the poor paid less. Raised money for the federal government following the lowering of tariffs.

Moral Diplomacy

foreign policy approach that was utilized by Wilson that focused on supporting countries with similar beliefs and governmental structures (democracy)

Tampico Affair

1914, US sailors were detained during the Mexican Revolution and Wilson responded by sending US troops to occupy the port of Veracruz in Mexico.

Pancho Villa Expedition

1916, a military expedition into Mexico, approved by Wilson, to capture Mexican rebel Pancho Villa for invading and attacking American towns near the US-Mexico border. The expedition was ultimately a failure.

Causes of World War I

Militarism - European nations rapidly expanded their militaries in the years leading up to WWI

Alliances - many European nations made alliances with one another, leading to WWI rapidly expanding in scope

Imperialism - competition emerged amongst European nations for colonial possessions

Nationalism - nationalist movements motivated revolt in the Balkans and motivated soldiers across Europe to fight

Central Powers

the alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers

the alliance between Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy of attacking ships at the onset of the war with submarines or u-boats, with the goal of halting the flow of US aid to the Allied powers. Led to civilian deaths, and Germany initially stopped sinking US ships, but resumed in 1917. Motivated the US to join World War I on the side of the allies.

Lusitania

1915, British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine. Over a hundred Americans were killed, which outraged many Americans.

Sussex Pledge

1916, German promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare that was ultimately broken in 1917.

Zimmerman Telegram

1917, German proposal sent to Mexico encouraging the nation to reconquer territory lost in the Mexican-American War and promising German support. Decoded by the British and published in newspapers across America, outraged the American public and motivated Wilson's decision to declare war.

American Expeditionary Force

name given to US forces during WWI that were led by General John J. Pershing. Made up of millions of Americans with 20% of troops being born outside of the United States and 13% being African Americans who served in segregated units. Natives, Latinos, and Asians were counted as white, and allowed to fight in white companies.

Harlem Hellfighters

one of a few African American regiments that was allowed to fight on the frontlines. The Hellfighters fought with the French Army, and discovered that Europe was far less segregated than the United States. Many African American men fought in WWI with the hope of gaining civil rights through demonstrating their capability in combat.

100% Americanism

movement that emerged during and after WWI that celebrated all this American and called for complete adherence to American values, which was often coupled with attacks on ideas and people that were foreign or "un-American".

Great Migration

the mass exodus of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South that began in WWI. These people went to Northern cities in search of industrial jobs and to escape racism in the South.

War Industries Board

agency established during WWI to direct military production, that allowed for an increase in corporate profits with greater production.

National War Labor Board

government agency during WWI that regulated labor to prevent strikes, supported the right to organize, equal opportunities for women, and implemented higher wages. Helped achieve the objectives of "bread and butter" unionism, and disappeared following the war, which led to a sharp decline in wages and working conditions.

Food Administration

government agency during WWI that was led by Herbert Hoover, and created a surplus of grain that was sent to Europe.

Committee on Public Information

organization that created propaganda to promote 100% Americanism, led by George Creel, with the goal of convincing the American public that the war was necessary. This organization made posters, wrote pro-war pamphlets that emphasized that WWI was a war for democracy, created news reels that played before movies, and organized volunteers to deliver speeches.

Four Minute Men

volunteers who delivered short pro-war speeches across the country.

American Protective League

1917, quasi-vigilante group that worked to identify and counter perceived threats, including German sympathizers, radicals, and anti-war activists, through surveillance. Led raids against draft evaders and peace activists.

Sedition Act of 1918

act proposed by Wilson that strengthened the Espionage Act of 1917 and criminalized speech and actions that were deemed harmful to the United States (included anti-war and anti-government speech). Passed by Congress, and led to thousands of Americans being detained for exercising their right to free speech.

Schenck vs US

1919, Supreme court case involving Charles Schenck the secretary of the socialist party, who was arrested for criticising the draft. The Supreme Court, led by chief justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, ruled that Schenck's first amendment rights had not been violated and that speech that poses a "clear and present danger is not protected by the first ammendment.

Abrams vs US

1919, the Supreme Court ruled that authorities could regulate "dangerous" speech, and that the first amendment did not apply to "dangerous" speech.

National Woman's Party

founded by Alice Paul, a group of radical suffragists that rejected diplomacy. This organization directly criticized Wilson, as the war was supposedly fought for democracy, but American women continued to be denied the right to vote on the homefront. Members also protested outside the White House and went on hunger strikes, which ultimately motivated Wilson to support women's suffrage.

19th Amendment

1920, amendment to the US Constitution that extended the right to vote to women.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike. Debs ran in the 1920 election and was imprisoned for ignoring a federal court order to stop the strike. Became a key socialist leader, who was vehemently anti-war, and was arrested under the Sedition Act of 1918.

American Women's Suffrage Association

a group formed by women in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement, that focused on obtaining women's suffrage through amendments to constitutions of states.

National Women's Suffrage Association

organization that advocated for women's suffrage in the 19th century, that focused on the passing of national amendment to guarantee women's suffrage, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Convoy System

system where ships travelled in groups and were escorted by the US navy, helped prevent U-Boat attacks.

Treaty of Versailles

1919, the peace treaty that officially ended WWI.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Plan proposed by Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference following the war. Goal to secure peace and prosperity across the world. These points involved...

1. The Creation of the League of Nations

2. Self-determination for all peoples

3. Avoid secret Alliances

4. Free and Equal Trade

League of Nations

an international organization proposed by Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference and formed in 1920 to foster cooperation, mediate conflicts, and promote free trade. US refused to join, making the organization largely powerless.

Irreconciliables

group of senators who opposed US involvement in European affairs, and therefore disagreed with the Treaty of Versailles and refused to vote to join the League of Nations.

Reservationists

group of senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, who wanted to amend the portions of the treaty involving the League of Nations.

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's Party who campaigned for women's suffrage. Arrested for protesting outside the White House and also went on hunger strikes.

Carrie Chapman Catt

leader of NAWSA, whose actions helped lead to the passing of the 19th amendment.

No Conscription League

organization founded during WWI that fought against the draft, as it was viewed as a violation of individual freedoms.

American Socialist Party

1901, political party founded and led by Eugene Debs that advocated replacing the nation's capitalist system with a socialist system. Protested against WWI.

Espionage Act of 1917

1917, law which made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort. Ultimately strengthened with the Sedition Act of 1918.

Draft Boards

it was the task of local draft boards to recruit young men into the military.

Paris Peace Conference

1919, meeting between the Allied powers, notably America, Italy, Britain, and France, to create a treaty to end the war. Each Allied power had different goals for the Paris Peace conference. Italy wanted the territory they had been promised but did not receive it. Britain, led by David Lloyd George, wanted to preserve its status as the leading world power and to punish Germany. France, led by Georges Clemenceau, wanted to eliminate Germany's ability to threaten Europe, and cripple the country. The United States, led by Wilson, wanted to establish a new peaceful world order allowing for self-determination and to not overly punish Germany.

Self Determination

idea that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves and that people have the right to choose their own form of government, supported by Wilson.

Selective Service Act of 1917

a law passed by Congress in May of 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register in the military, a month after the US had entered the war.

Children's Bureau

1912, government agency created by Taft to protect the rights of children and address the problems associated with child labor.

Red Summer

1919, post-war race riots, largely due to competition for jobs and racial integration. There were 120 racially motivated killings against African American, mostly lynchings, which included African American war veterans. The US government ignored these abuses, as they claimed it was the responsibility of states to protect their citizens from racial violence.

Pent Up Demand

surge in the purchase of consumer goods during the 1920s, as Americans were once again able to purchase these goods following World War 1.

First Red Scare

communism was on the rise following World War 1, which scared many Americans. During the war, communism became associated with being un-American, as many socialist and communist groups, like the IWW, protested the war. Additionally, the post war economic recession led to critiques of capitalism and the Russian Revolution inspired communists across America. Lastly, concerns over immigration emerged as many Americans believed immigrants brought communist and anarchist ideologies with them.