NURS 299 Exam 3

Erikson Stage-INFANCY

trust vs mistrust

(parents should build trust with love)

Erikson Stage- TODDLER

autonomy vs shame and doubt

(let toddler explore, make mistakes, and be independent)

Erikson Stage-PRESCHOOL

initiative vs guilt

(don't brush them off-praise them and build confidence)

Erikson Stage-ADOLESCENCE

identity vs role confusion

(they are trying to find themselves and fit in)

Erikson Stage-YOUNG ADULT

intimacy vs isolation

(they push relationships away or bounce around)

Erikson Stage- MIDDLE ADULT

generativity vs stagnation

(settling down- stagnation is being stuck)

Erikson Stage- OLDER ADULT

ego identity vs despair

(being happy with their life vs regret)

Erikson Stages

Each stage depends on preceding stages- must be successfully accomplished to proceed

Piaget Theory- SENSORIMOTOR

-0-2 years

-reflex movements turn voluntary

-manipulate body and objects

Piaget Theory- PREOPERATIONAL

-2-7 years

-Egocentric, magical thinking. Thought is dominated by the senses. No cause and effect. Advancing language.

Piaget Theory- CONCRETE OPERATIONS

-7-11 years

-Uses logic to solve concrete problems. Knows cause/effect. Considers other's points of view.

Piaget Theory- FORMAL OPERATIONS

-11-15 years

-True logical thought. Abstract thinking. Morality established.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development is based on....

Piagets theory of cognitive development

Kohlberg theory-PRE-CONVENTIONAL

-School aged

-Avoiding punishment/ gaining rewards

Kohlberg theory-CONVENTIONAL

-School aged & adolescent

-gaining approval/ avoiding disappointment

Kohlberg Theory- POST-CONVENTIONAL

-Adolescent & young adult

-agreeing upon rights/ establishing personal moral standards/ achieving justice

Beliefs related to pregnancy

-illness vs natural, healthy state

Healthy/natural pregnancy view

-Active participant in social circle/career

-Choose provider with similar view

-May affect when mother seeks prenatal care

-mother bonds with baby more

Illness pregnancy view

-Withdraw from work/social obligations

-May make unhealthy pregnancy choices, deny pregnancy

Diet for pregnancy

-good nutrition is essential

-anemia is high in pregnant women (may need iron supplements)

-drink 8-10 glasses of water

-fats/ carbs for energy needs

-continue regular sodium intake*

-intake folate

Daily food plan for pregnant women

-3 servings of fruit

-4 servings of vegetables

-6-9 servings of whole grains/bread/cereal

-3-4 serving of dairy

-3 servings of meat or beans

Elimination pattern with pregnant women

-urinary frequency

-constipation

-hemorrhoids

Physical activity-pregancy

-need physical activity

-at least 30 min of aerobic exercise

-avoid high risk

Safe drugs in pregnancy

most otc in recommended doses

-take least amount of drug as possible

Unsafe drugs in pregnancy

-Antiepileptics: require preconception management to minimize potential birth defects and minimize health problems

Toxoplasmosis

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from CATS to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

Cultural impacts on pregnancy

-avoid stereotyping

-Primary level- rules known and obeyed by all

-Secondary level- rules not relayed to outsiders (taboos/rituals)

-Tertiary- visible to outsiders (dress, foods, religion)

Benefits of breast feeding

-recommended 6 for 6 months, ideal is 12 months

-passive immunity

-mother-infant bonding

-natural so it is easier for infant to eliminate (softer, not as stinky, more frequent elimination)

Cons of not breastfeeding

-not as natural, elimination is stinkier and it is harder for baby to digest

Weight gain in pregnancy

-Healthy women with normal BMI: 25-35 Ibs

-Underweight woman with BMI <25: 28-40 Ibs

-Overweight women with BMI >25: 15-25 Ibs

-obese women with BMI >30: 11-20 Ibs

-if mom does not gain enough weight, baby can have low birth weight

Pica in pregnancy

-Unusual Cravings During Pregnancy.

-Pica is the practice of craving substances with little or no nutritional value.

-Most pregnancy and pica-related cravings involve non-food substances such as dirt or chalk.

Pregnancy and domestic violence

-partner can have resentment

-financial stress

-concerns about role

-report signs of abuse

Development: 1 month

-lift head when prone

Development: 2 month

Smile

Development: 5 month

Rolls back to front

Development: 6-7 month

sits alone, leaning on hands

Development: 8-9 month

crawl

Development: 10 months

pulls self to standing position

Development: 11-12 months

initiates vocalization

Development: 12-15 months

walks

When to introduce food to infants

-introduce food at 6 months

-Introduce whole milk after age 1

-switch to reduced-fat or nonfat milk after age 2

Infant weight pattern

-average weight is 7.5 lb at birth

-newborns lose 5-10% weight in first week

-infants double in weight by 4-5 months

-triple their birth weight by 1 year old

-quadruple birth weight by 2.5 years old

Car seats

-rear facing seat for infants to at least 20 Ib preferably until 2 years old

-car seat in back seat

-front facing car seat after

-heat stroke- babies left in car unattended

Common accident in infants

-occur in the home

-falls- do not leave them unattended or on raised surface

-burns

-inhalation of smoke or gasses

-chocking

-childproof environment

Premature infant complications

-under developed

-more likely to have chronic health issues

-Infections, breathing problems, asthma and feeding problems

-increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Infants born after 42 weeks

placental function decreases, infant can die

SIDS

sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep

Choking

-any small object in mouth

-infant CPR- parents/ caregiver should know

-avoid foods that are hard to swallow like nuts, seeds

Infant botulism

-C. botulinum growing in the intestines of infants due to a lack of intestinal microbiota

-Associated with honey

Food allergies

-wait 6 months to introduce food

-introduce one food at a time

Picky eaters

-avoid over-attention/ punishment for bad food behavior

-introduce food at least 8-20 times before they decide they dont like it

Milk & juice recommendations for toddlers

-no milk or juice at bed time- can cause dental caries

-limit milk (makes them full)

-limit juice (high sugar)

Toddler nutrition

-small frequent snacks

-emphasize protein, veggies, fruit, minimize high fat foods

Toddler sleep pattern

-12 hours a day of sleep

-one to two naps

Egocentrism

toddlers are unable to put themselves in other's shoes

Autonomy

toddlers want to be independent

temperament

how toddler reacts to the world/ situations especially involving change or stress

Language development: 12 months

says few words

Language development: 18 months

says up to 20 words, understands 50

Language development: 24 months

says up to 270 words, understands 1200 words, 2 word sentence

Language development: 30 months

says up to 425 words, understands 2400, 2.5 word sentences

Language development: 36 months

-says up to 900 words, understands 3600 words, 3-4 words in a sentence

Cultural factors in childhood

be aware of culture- round bruises on back may be from cupping

Home visits and referals

report abuse only if you see visual signs like bruises in unusual places. dirty house is not abuse.

poisoning

-toddlers explore with their mouth

-put away any medications, toxic plants, alcohol, etc

-lead- anemia

pincer grasp

develop around 9-10 months

toddler picks up small objects

playpen safety

lay infant on back with no soft bedding or objects