BIO 246/ MODULE 1 LECTURE

function of extrinsic eye muscles

move the eye

action of medial rectus

adducts eye

action of lateral rectus

abducts eye

action of inferior rectus

depress & adducts eye

action of superior rectus

elevate & adducts eye

action of inferior oblique

elevate & abduct eye

action of superior oblique

depress & abduct eye

function of eyebrows

nonverbal communication, prev sweat drip into eye

function of eyelids

protect the eyes, keep eye from dying out

function of eyelashes

blink reflex triggered when touch, tarsal glands keep eyelash healthy & has anti-microbial

function of conjunctiva

covers sclera & inside eyelids, vascularized

function of lacrimal glands

produce lacrimal fluid that washes across eye, drain into lacrimal puncta and into nasolacrimal duct, keeps eye hydrated, washes eye

anterior cavity

cornea to lens, divided into 2 chambers, aqueous humor

anterior chamber

cornea to iris, in anterior cavity, aqueous humor

posterior chamber

iris to lens, in anterior cavity, aqueous humor

posterior cavity

space behind the lens, vitreous humor

rods

rhodopsin, function dim light, black & white vision

cones

photopsin, function bright light, color vision, better vision acuity

opsin proteins

rhodopsin, photopsin

extrinsic eye muscle nerves phrase

(LR6SO4)3

structural changes for far vision

ciliary muscles flatten lens, iris dilates pupil

structural changes for near vision

ciliary muscles curves lens, iris constrict pupil

receptive field

area where nerve ending is distributed, smaller in more sensitive areas

receptive field and nerve ending relationship

inverse, smaller receptive field more nerve endings specific, larger receptive field less nerve ending

detect chemicals

chemoreceptors

detect temperature

thermoreceptors

detect changes in light

photoreceptors

detect changes in cell membrane

mechanoreceptors

detect pain

nociceptors

ex of chemoreceptors

taste, smell, blood concentration

ex of thermoreceptors

skin, hypothalamus

ex of photoreceptors

vision (light intensity, color, movements)

ex of mechanoreceptors

baroreceptors= pressure, proprioceptors= joint position, tactile receptors= pressure & touch, hair cells ear respond to sound waves

ex of nociceptors

heat/ mechanical changes to body surface, joint, skeletal muscles, visceral when too much stretch or trauma

function of thalamus

filters sensory info, NOT SMELL, makes sure not overload w info

general sense receptors

throughout the body, somatic sensory & visceral sensory

somatic sensory location

in skin & mucous membrane, muscles, tendons, joints

visceral sensory location

in organs & blood vessels

special senses receptors location

localized areas in head

unencapsulated mechanoreceptor, tonic/phasic, temp, pain, light touch

free nerve endings

root hair plexuses

unencapsulated mechanoreceptor, hair movement, phasic, arnd hair follicle

unencapsulated mechanoreceptor, light touch, tonic

tactile discs

encapsulated mechanoreceptor, light pressure & low freq vibration, tonic

end bulbs

encapsulated mechanoreceptor, coarse touch, deep pressure, high freq vibration, phasic, deep in dermis

lamellated corpuscles

encapsulated mechanoreceptor, continuous deep pressure, tonic

bulbous corpuscles

encapsulated mechanoreceptor, discriminative touch, texture/shape of objects, phasic, dermal papillae

tactile corpuscles

tonic, detect muscle stretch, proprioceptor

muscle spindle

tonic, detect tendon stretch, proprioceptor

tendon organ

tonic, detect stretch of joint capsule, proprioceptor

joint kinesthetic receptors

sensory organ of olfaction

olfactory epithelium

intensity

more intense stimuli result more nerve signals

duration

all receptors will be less sensitive to the same stimulus over time

exteroceptors

stimulus in environment

interoceptors

stimulus in the body

proprioceptors

detect movement of limbs & our body

what form olfactory tracts

axons of mitral cells & tufted cells

bowmans glands

olfactory glands, in lamina propria, secrete mucin to help dissolve odorants in olfactory epithelium

how to get odorants bind to receptors

breathe deeply, breathing normally not enough to go to olfactory epithelium

where primary olfactory cortex

temporal lobe

modalities needed for tasting

chemoreceptors taste, mechanoreceptors texture, thermoreceptors temp

list type of taste

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, BUSSS

sweet

sugar, artificial sweeteners

salty

metal like sodium & potassium

sour

acidic, hydrogen ion in vinegar

bitter

alkaline, quinine, nicotine, caffeine

umami

savory, amino acid glutamate aspartate

facial nerve (CN VII)- gustatory

anterior 2/3 of tongue

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)- gustatory

posterior 1/3 of tongue

vagus nerve (CN X)- gustatory

soft palate/ throat

filiform

anterior 2/3 of tongue, mechanical function, moves food arnd

fungiform

tip and sides of tongue

folliate

posterior lateral of tongue, more function in children

vallate

posterior tongue, v shape, least numerous, largest, MOST tastebuds here

color blindness

absence or deficit of a cone type

hyperopia

farsighted, eye too short, light focus behind retina

myopia

nearsighted, eye too long, light focus in front of retina

astigmatism

unequal focusing, unequal curvatures

presbyopia

age related change to vision, reading is harder

how to equalize pressure in ear

yawning, chewing, swallowing briefly opens the auditory tube and allows to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

auricle function

funnel sound waves into external acoustic meatus

whats located in external ear

ceruminous gland

vestibule function

utricle, saccule, static equilibrium, detect linear acceleration

sensory receptor for static equilibrium

macula, in walls of utricle & saccule

semicircular canals function

semicircular ducts, dynamic equilibrium, detect angular acceleration

sensory receptor for dynamic equilibrium

crista ampullaris, in ampulla of semicircular canals

higher frequency sound move basilar membrane

closer to oval window

lower frequency move basilar membrane

farther from oval window

soft sound causes

small movements in smaller area

loud sounds cause

large movements in larger areas

inner ear- filled

fluid

middle ear- filled

air

external ear- filled

air

what does conjunctiva cover

sclera and inner eyelid

window attached to tympanic duct

round window

window attached to vestibular duct

oval window

component of vestibular apparatus detect when someone shake head no

semicircular canals