AP classroom

“Now, we can see a new world coming into view....In the words of Winston Churchill, a world order in which ‘the principles of justice and fair play protect the weak against the strong....’ A world where the United Nations...is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations. The Gulf War put this new world to its first test. And my fellow Americans, we passed that test.”

President George H. W. Bush, address to Congress, March 6, 1991

The principles on human rights articulated by President Bush are most similar to

Responses

A

the ideas expressed by President George Washington in his 1796 Farewell Address

B

President James K. Polk’s support for Manifest Destiny in the 1840s

C

the ideas expressed by President Woodrow Wilson during and after the First World War

D

President Ronald Reagan’s support for reinvigoration of anticommunism in the 1980s

c

“Now, we can see a new world coming into view....In the words of Winston Churchill, a world order in which ‘the principles of justice and fair play protect the weak against the strong....’ A world where the United Nations...is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations. The Gulf War put this new world to its first test. And my fellow Americans, we passed that test.”

President George H. W. Bush, address to Congress, March 6, 1991

Which of the following events most directly led to President Bush believing that a new “world order” was emerging?

Responses

A

United States military forces withdrawing from Vietnam

B

The spread of computers and global information networks

C

The end of the Cold War with the Soviet Union

D

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon

c

The presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) was plagued by which of the following foreign policy issues?

Responses

A

The taking of American hostages in Iran

B

The Cuban missile crisis

C

The bombing of the United States embassy in Lebanon

D

The invasion of Grenada

E

The crisis in Nicaragua

A

“In the 1980s, conservatives succeeded in remaking large parts of American life. They reshaped American politics, working an alchemy that transmuted [changed] conservative dogma—on the wisdom of low income taxes, the special virtue of entrepreneurs, the parasitic character of government, the need for overwhelming . . . military strength, the dependence of social health on proper values, and the nuclear family as the building block of society—into common sense. Reagan and his followers scored many victories . . . in the U.S. political system during the 1980s. Along the way, they shifted the American political debate onto Reagan’s chosen terrain. . . .

“. . . Conservatives framed public debates in the 1980s, making the era’s politics theirs, as liberals had done in the 1930s and 1960s. The influential and powerful members of the country’s major institutions were profoundly affected by Reaganism. . . . Political sages arrived at a new consensus that America was ‘naturally’ a conservative country.”

Doug Rossinow, historian, The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s, published in 2015

“Like other conservative triumphs, . . . Reagan’s election proved that politics and ideology matter in determining who gets what and why. But so does the economy. . . . Intense social, cultural, and racial conflicts moved American presidential politics to the populist right after the late sixties, caused by a crisis that liberalism could not resolve or transcend. It was, however, the presence of persistent inflation and the changes wrought at home by the process of globalization that exacerbated those conflicts and elected Ronald Reagan in 1980. Social issues helped Reagan win a landslide victory in 1984, but it was a downturn in the inflation rate and an upturn in the economy that clinched his reelection. . . .

“. . . When Reagan ran for the White House in 1980, he promised the American people jobs and prosperity via supply-side economics. . . . But eventually the bill for Reaganomics came due, amounting to trillions of dollars in new governmental, corporate, and consumer debt, along with a massive increase in the federal deficit. Reagan’s huge spending programs and tax cuts locked the Democrats into playing the politics of [fiscal] austerity. Afraid of the voter’s wrath, they could ill afford to be seen as ‘tax and spend’ Democrats.”

William C. Berman, historian, America’s Right Turn: From Nixon to Clinton, published in 1994

The ideas in the excerpts best reflect which of the following about United States foreign policy during Reagan’s administrations?

Responses

A

Conservatives were willing to increase government spending in order to support Cold War military interventions.

B

Political leaders shifted focus to provide aid in humanitarian crises rather than to directly engage in conflicts.

C

Military and national security priorities changed to reflect the aim to combat terrorism around the world.

D

The United States public widely supported sending military forces to countries to stop the expansion of communism.

A

“Although there has long been terrorism in varied contexts, contemporary terrorism poses a new and ominous problem. . . . We have long considered how to protect citizens against invading armies, and this might be the arena that is most nearly analogous to protection against terrorists. But foreign terrorists are not so transparent as invading armies, and the issue of protecting ourselves against them necessarily involves judgments on how to distinguish them from peaceful citizens and alien residents. . . . For terrorists, who must in the nature of their purpose be secretive, . . . we may be able to discover them before they act only if we resort to invasive and substantial surveillance, infiltration, screening, and so forth, all of which might be misused against innocents far more often than they are well used against potential terrorists.”

Russell Hardin, political scientist, “Civil Liberties in the Era of Mass Terrorism,” Journal of Ethics, 2004

Which of the following explanations for United States foreign policy debates after September 11, 2001, could the situation described in the excerpt best be used to support?

Responses

A

Some people asserted that the United States should return to isolationism.

B

The national security efforts to prevent terrorism were controversial.

C

The decision to go to war in Iraq deeply divided the American people.

D

Some people argued that fossil fuel dependence undercut national security.

B

“Although there has long been terrorism in varied contexts, contemporary terrorism poses a new and ominous problem. . . . We have long considered how to protect citizens against invading armies, and this might be the arena that is most nearly analogous to protection against terrorists. But foreign terrorists are not so transparent as invading armies, and the issue of protecting ourselves against them necessarily involves judgments on how to distinguish them from peaceful citizens and alien residents. . . . For terrorists, who must in the nature of their purpose be secretive, . . . we may be able to discover them before they act only if we resort to invasive and substantial surveillance, infiltration, screening, and so forth, all of which might be misused against innocents far more often than they are well used against potential terrorists.”

Russell Hardin, political scientist, “Civil Liberties in the Era of Mass Terrorism,” Journal of Ethics, 2004

The purpose of the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following explanations for why policies used to combat terrorism were controversial?

Responses

A

Some Americans sought to use new technologies to combat terrorism.

B

Some Americans believed that terrorism had no effect on United States domestic policy.

C

Some Americans saw Cold War policies as providing insight into how to prevent current terrorist actions.

D

Some Americans worried that the freedoms of United States citizens might be violated by the efforts to stop terrorism.

D

Which of the following best explains a reason for the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

Responses

A

Declining public trust in foreign policy approaches led to a withdrawal of the United States from the world stage.

B

Economic problems in the Soviet Union undermined its ability to control its territories and engage in international conflicts.

C

Efforts to expose suspected communists in the United States reduced the Soviet ability to exercise influence abroad.

D

The United States and United Nations joint military intervention to support South Korea halted the expansionism of the Soviet Union.

B

Which of the following best explains a change in United States foreign policy in the years immediately after the end of the Cold War?

Responses

A

The United States sought to aid other nations struggling against communism.

B

The United States established an international financial system to aid countries devastated by war.

C

The United States engaged in new sorts of military and peacekeeping interventions in several countries.

D

The United States sought to acquire new territories outside of its existing boundaries.

C

“The Republican electoral triumph in 2004 was the culmination of a half-century of struggle by the Right to achieve political power in the United States. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, a small band of intellectuals launched a movement to stop what they saw as the advance of the collectivist state embodied in modern liberalism and the New Deal political order. They were joined by anti-Communist activists across grassroots America. . . . In their struggle against the dominant liberal state, conservatives gained control of the Republican party by defeating its liberal eastern wing.”

Donald T. Critchlow, historian, The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History, 2007

Which of the following best supports Critchlow’s assertion about the Republican Party?

Responses

A

The end of the Cold War

B

The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan as president

C

The continued expansion of Great Society programs

D

The political scandals under Richard Nixon’s administration in the 1970s

B

Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the graph?

Responses

A

The increase in United States trade with eastern Europe after the Cold War

B

The declining number of manufacturing jobs in the United States

C

The expansion of the social safety net through programs like Social Security

D

The construction of the interstate highway system

B

“The Commission believes that legal immigration has strengthened and can continue to strengthen this country. While we will be reporting at a later date on the impacts of our legal immigration system, and while there may even be disagreements among us as to the total number of immigrants that can be absorbed into the United States . . . the Commission members agree that immigration presents many opportunities for this nation. Immigrants can contribute to the building of the country. . . . The tradition of welcoming newcomers has become an important element of how we define ourselves as a nation.

“The Commission is mindful of the problems that also emanate from immigration. In particular, we believe that unlawful immigration is unacceptable. Enforcement efforts have not been effective in deterring unlawful immigration. . . .

“During the decade from 1980 to 1990 three major pieces of legislation were adopted to govern immigration policy. . . . The Commission supports the broad framework for immigration policy that these laws represent: a legal immigration system that strives to serve the national interest in helping families to reunify and employers to obtain skills not available in the U.S. labor force; a refugee system that reflects both our humanitarian beliefs and international refugee law; and an enforcement system that seeks to deter unlawful immigration through employer sanctions and tighter border control.”

United States Commission on Immigration Reform, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Restoring Credibility,” report delivered to Congress, 1994

The ideas expressed in the excerpt overlook which of the following contexts that defined immigration to the United States during the period from 1980 to 2000 ?

Responses

A

Immigrants were arriving from different countries than in previous periods.

B

Immigrants were attracted by employment opportunities in mineral extraction.

C

Immigration was limited based on quotas from certain regions.

D

Immigration was spurred by demand for industrial production.

A

Which of the following best explains a regional pattern of union membership in the early twenty-first century as depicted in the maps?

Responses

A

Wages generally increased in southern states.

B

Heavy industries in upper Midwest states experienced decline.

C

Agriculture along the West Coast saw dramatic changes.

D

Migration to the Midwest outpaced that of other regions.

B

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Questions

Q13 OPEC embargo - cause

00:07

5.B

1/1 MC pointCorrectly answered

The most significant cause of the 1973–1974 embargo by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was

Responses

A

United States support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War

B

the presence of United States oil companies in the Middle East

C

the devaluation of the United States dollar

D

United States assistance in the Shah’s return to power in Iran

E

increased demand for gasoline and other oil-based products

A

Upon becoming president, Gerald Ford announced, “Our long national nightmare is over.” He was referring to

Responses

A

a serious economic downturn

B

Watergate

C

the collapse of the United States–backed government of South Vietnam

D

a series of urban riots

E

a costly oil embargo

B

Which of the following best explains the Reagan administration’s approach to communism?

Responses

A

Containing its spread by building a new system of international alliances

B

Engaging in military interventions in Southeast Asia to prevent coups of governments

C

Pursuing a policy of détente or mutual coexistence with the Soviet Union and China

D

Using a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons to create pressure on the Soviet Union

D

“It’s been quite a journey this decade, and we held together through some stormy seas. And at the end, together, we’re reaching our destination. The fact is, from Grenada to the Washington and Moscow summits, from the recession of ’81 to ’82, to the expansion that began in late ’82 and continues to this day, we’ve made a difference. The way I see it, there were two great triumphs, two things that I’m proudest of. One is the economic recovery, in which the people of America created—and filled—nineteen million new jobs. The other is the recovery of our morale. America is respected again in the world and looked to for leadership.”

President Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the Nation, January 1989

Reagan’s reference to “reaching our destination” most directly reflects which of the following political changes?

Responses

A

The expanded influence of young people in politics

B

Bipartisan support for reform of the United States financial system

C

The rise of a new conservatism that challenged liberal views about the role of government

D

Increased political mobilization of labor unions

C

The Reagan Revolution of the early 1980s entailed

Responses

A

tax cuts for low-income Americans and expansion of social welfare programs

B

tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans and increases in defense spending

C

a free-trade policy with European nations

D

national health insurance

E

a balanced federal budget

B

Throughout the presidential election campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan’s view of the best economic policy to pursue was based on his belief that

Responses

A

businesses were overproducing consumer goods

B

there was insufficient government spending to stimulate economic growth

C

international trade was the most important source of growth for the United States economy

D

excessive taxation left citizens with less money to save and invest

E

foreign countries were flooding markets with cheap goods and services

D

Which of the following groups in the American work force has experienced the greatest percentage of growth since 1950?

Responses

A

Agricultural workers

B

Industrial workers

C

Unionized blue-collar workers

D

Service workers

E

Construction workers

D

From 1984 to 1986, Reagan administration officials secretly sold arms to Iran to illegally finance

Responses

A

a rebellion against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua

B

a coup against the Castro regime in Cuba

C

the invasion of Grenada

D

Great Britain’s pursuit of the Falkland Islands War

E

a leftist revolt in El Salvador

A

Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by the

Responses

A

spread of corn cultivation

B

ravages of smallpox epidemics

C

regular contacts with Africa

D

invention of the spoked wheel

E

domestication of horses

A

Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus’ voyages is supported by the map above?

Responses

A

The American Indian population was distributed uniformly throughout North America.

B

The most densely populated regions of North America would eventually become part of New Spain.

C

The most densely populated regions of North America would eventually become part of New France.

D

Compared with other areas of North America, relatively few American Indians lived in the Southeast.

E

The American Indian population was concentrated on the Great Plains.

B

“The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .

“The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World.”

Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History, 2006

The second paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims about the introduction to Europe of new crops from the Americas?

Responses

A

They remained relatively unpopular.

B

They required little labor to produce.

C

They stimulated economies across Europe.

D

They replaced traditional agricultural products.

C

“The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .

“The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World.”

Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History, 2006

The excerpt makes the overall argument that the Atlantic economy

Responses

A

eliminated competition between European nations

B

drove long-lasting economic shifts across Europe, Africa, and the Americas

C

contributed to the persistence of feudal economic systems

D

contributed to the collapse of European empires

B

Which of the following was an outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

Responses

A

The life expectancy of Native Americans increased.

B

Horses and smallpox were introduced in Europe.

C

Sugar and rice were introduced in Africa.

D

The diets of Europeans improved.

E

The population of Europe decreased.

D

“I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure.”

Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520

Moctezuma’s statement that the Mexica “were not the aborigines of the country” most likely refers to which of the following developments?

Responses

A

Widespread deadly epidemics before the arrival of the Spanish

B

The presence of different and complex societies before European contact

C

Use of the encomienda system by the Mexica before the arrival of the Spanish

D

The development of African slavery in the Spanish colonies

B

“I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure.”

Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520

Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?

Responses

A

The development of a rigid racial hierarchy

B

The growth of friendship and cooperation with native peoples

C

The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native Americans, and Africans

D

A close-knit, homogeneous society with a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce based on export crops

C

Developments such as that depicted in the image most directly led to which of the following?

Responses

A

The importation of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean

B

The increasing use of indentured servants in the Caribbean

C

The spread of Spanish missionaries into portions of Florida

D

The settling of the eastern North American seaboard by the Spanish

A

The encomienda and slavery systems both contributed to which of the following developments?

Responses

A

The Spanish colonies developed a social hierarchy based on economic status rather than on racial categories.

B

The Spanish colonies experienced intermingling between European and Native American populations to such an extent that racial categories ceased to be recognized.

C

Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans were all integrated into Spanish colonial society on an equal basis.

D

The Spanish developed a race-based caste system that defined the status of Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed race in their colonies.

D

Before 1800, which of the following European imports had the greatest impact on the lives of the Plains Indians?

Responses

A

Steel plow

B

Cattle

C

Horses

D

Christianity

E

Money

C

“[Before European contact] Cahokia [in present-day Missouri] and such other major centers as those now known as Coosa and Etowah in Georgia, Moundville in Alabama, and Natchez in Mississippi were home to highly stratified societies, organized as chiefdoms and characterized by a sharp divide between elites and commoners. . . . Surrounding networks of agricultural hamlets provided food to support the urban centers. . . .

“From the Ohio River through most of present-day Canada and down the coast to the Chesapeake were speakers of Algonquian languages. . . . Nearly everywhere [here], villages composed of 500 to 2,000 people were the norm. . . .

“[This] Indian country was decentralized and diverse, but not disconnected. . . . Routes of trade and communication, most of them millennia old and following the great river systems, crisscrossed the continent. The goods that moved along them were, for the most part, few and rare. . . . Some closely neighboring people might exchange crucial resources—corn, for instances, for meat or fish.”

Daniel K. Richter, historian, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America, 2001

Which of the following most supported the development of the commerce described in the third paragraph?

Responses

A

Maize cultivation spread northward from Mexico.

B

Native Americans constructed extensive road networks.

C

Native Americans in the Northeast of North America formed extensive empires.

D

Metal tools became valuable objects in Native American religions.

A

“In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province’s 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards’ fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans.”

David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992

Which of the following most shaped the events described in the excerpt?

Responses

A

The establishment of African slavery in the Spanish colonies

B

The demands of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies

C

The amount of Spanish intermarriage with Native Americans

D

The importance of Old World crops to the subsistence of Spanish colonial subjects

B

“The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship’s departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

 

“[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in like... offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented with free gift of such trifles as well contented them.”

John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608

Smith’s description of the Pamunkey people’s interactions with the Virginia colonists best serves as evidence of which of the following characteristics of American Indians along the Eastern Seaboard in the 1600s?

Responses

A

Complex societies with permanent settlements

B

A dependence on English trade goods

C

Decreased populations due to epidemic disease

D

Elaborate caste system

A

“Barbarians [are] . . . , in the proper and strict sense of the word, dull witted and lacking in the reasoning powers necessary for self-government. They are without laws, without king, etc. For this reason they are by nature unfitted for rule.

“[Some] barbarians . . . have a lawful, just, and natural government. Even though they lack the art and use of writing, they are not wanting in the capacity and skill to rule and govern themselves. . . . Thus they have kingdoms, communities, and cities that they govern wisely according to their laws and customs. . . .

“. . . It does not necessarily follow that [Native Americans] are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They cultivated friendship and . . . lived together in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours. . . .

“. . . [Was] the war of the Romans against the [ancient] Spanish justified in order to free them from barbarism? . . . Do you think that the Romans, once they had [conquered] the wild and barbaric peoples of Spain, could with secure right divide all of you [Spaniards] among themselves [in encomiendas] . . . ? And do you then conclude that the Romans could have stripped your rulers of their authority and consigned all of you, after you had been deprived of your liberty, to wretched labors, especially in searching for gold and silver [mines]. . . ? Is this the way to impose the yoke of Christ on Christian men?”

Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish Catholic religious leader, In Defense of the Indians, circa 1550

Which of the following describes a piece of evidence for Las Casas’ claim in the fourth paragraph about the similarity between ancient Spanish people and Native Americans?

Responses

A

The ancient Spanish were used by the Romans as laborers.

B

The ancient Spanish were Christians when the Romans arrived.

C

The ancient Spanish had no laws or political rulers.

D

The ancient Spanish had a right to their own freedom.

D

“The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.”

Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552

An implication of Las Casas’ argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the

Responses

A

importation of European and African wildlife to the Americas

B

large-scale clashes between native armies and the Spanish

C

resistance of indigenous groups to religious conversion

D

epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans

D

Which of the following contributed most to the changes shown in the graph?

Responses

A

Loss of territory and access to natural resources

B

The introduction of new plants and animals

C

The introduction of new diseases

D

Warfare with Europeans

C

Which of the following was the most direct effect of the changes shown in the graph?

Responses

A

European settlers relied mainly on indentured servants and enslaved Africans for labor.

B

Trade between European settlers and Native Americans expanded.

C

Conflicts among Native American groups became more intense.

D

European settlers were able to gain control over Native American lands.

D

The most important factor that enabled the Spanish to conquer native peoples in Mexico and New Spain in the sixteenth century was the

Responses

A

introduction of cattle and pigs, which disrupted native patterns of agriculture

B

introduction of European diseases to which native peoples were not resistant

C

introduction of Christianity, which weakened the solidarity of native peoples

D

superior horsemanship displayed by the Spanish conquistadores

E

introduction of trade goods that drove wedges between native peoples and set them to war against each other

B

Which of the following was true of the Northeast American Indian tribes at the time Europeans first began colonization?

Responses

A

Their economies depended entirely on hunting and gathering.

B

Their political and linguistic differences hindered their united opposition to the Europeans.

C

Their populations were immune to European diseases.

D

Their warriors rarely engaged in intertribal warfare.

E

Their cultures made no distinction between men’s work and women’s work.

B

“North America . . . was seen in the hopeful context of all the other trade relationships English merchants were constructing [in the early 1600s]. . . . [It was not] completely farfetched to think that American Indians might willingly participate in such trade [with Europeans]. In fact, the possibility . . . was originally proposed to French fishermen by [Native] Americans, and the acquisition of [trade goods] from throughout the great Canadian interior was organized entirely by native-run networks. Only the final exchange on the coast involved Europeans. . . .

“Getting the relationship with the [American] Indians right at the outset figured heavily in the [English colonial investors’] thinking [about Virginia].”

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Jamestown Project, 2007

Which of the following developments could best be used as evidence to support Kupperman’s argument about Native American responses to colonialism?

Responses

A

The adoption of European weaponry by Native American groups

B

The denial of Native American sovereignty by some settlers

C

The introduction of cattle to Native Americans by Europeans

D

The use of Native American labor by settlers in the encomienda system

A