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Martin Luther
A German friar whose protests against Catholic doctrines sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that reshaped beliefs across Europe and influenced future American settlers.
John Calvin
A theologian who published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536, expanding on Luther's ideas and establishing Calvinism.
Calvinism
A belief system emphasizing God's control, human sinfulness, and the concept of predestination.
Predestination
The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be condemned.
Visible Saints
The "elect" in Calvinism expected to demonstrate their salvation through holy living.
King Henry VIII
The English king who broke from the Catholic Church in the 1530s, creating the Church of England.
Puritans
Devout English Protestants seeking to "purify" the Church of England of Catholic practices.
Separatists
Radical Puritans who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.
Mayflower
The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America in 1620, landing at Plymouth Bay.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement drafted by the Pilgrims to establish a government based on majority rule.
William Bradford
The respected governor of Plymouth Colony who served multiple terms and was concerned about non-Puritan influences.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A significant Puritan settlement established in 1630, envisioned as a "city upon a hill."
John Winthrop
The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who led the colony for 19 years and emphasized a divine mission.
Fundamental Orders
A pioneering constitution drafted in 1639 by settlers in Connecticut, establishing a democratic regime.
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan dissenter who challenged religious orthodoxy and was banished for her beliefs.
Roger Williams
A minister who advocated for religious freedom and founded Rhode Island after being exiled from Massachusetts.
Rhode Island
A colony founded by Roger Williams that became a haven for religious dissenters and promoted tolerance.
Quakers
A religious group known for their pacifism and commitment to equality, emerging in England in the mid-1600s.
William Penn
The founder of Pennsylvania, who established a colony based on Quaker principles and religious tolerance.
New Netherland
A Dutch colony established for fur trade, which included New Amsterdam (later New York City).
Pequot War
A conflict in 1637 between English settlers and the Pequot tribe, resulting in significant casualties for the Pequot.
King Philip's War
A brutal conflict from 1675-1676 led by Metacom against English settlers, resulting in heavy losses for Native Americans.
Dominion of New England
A royal authority established in 1686 that combined New England colonies under a single governor.
Glorious Revolution
The 1688 event in England that led to the overthrow of King James II and inspired unrest in American colonies.
New Jersey
A colony established in 1664 that attracted many settlers, including Quakers, and was later united into a royal colony.
Middle Colonies
Known as the "bread colonies," they were characterized by fertile soil, diverse populations, and religious tolerance.
Benjamin Franklin
An influential figure in colonial America, symbolizing the thriving growth and development of the colonies.
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